Isobutane/butene alkylation on microporous and mesoporous solid acid catalysts: probing the pore transport effects with liquid and near critical reaction media

Abstract

The alkylation of isobutane with 1-butene was investigated on microporous (β-zeolite) and mesoporous (silica supported heteropolyacids) catalysts in a slurry reactor. The reaction was investigated in the range of 25–100 bar and 15–95 °C in liquid phase and in near critical reaction media with either dense CO2 or dense ethane as diluent, partially replacing the excess isobutane. At 75 °C, the selectivity towards trimethylpentanes (TMP) in the liquid phase is 70%+ initially, but decreases with time on all the catalysts investigated. While near-critical reaction mixtures were employed in order to enhance pore diffusion rates, the conversion and selectivity profiles obtained with such mixtures are comparable to those obtained with liquid phase reaction mixtures in both microporous and mesoporous catalysts. This implies that pore diffusion effects play a limited role at higher temperatures (75–95 °C). In contrast, the liquid phase results at sub-ambient temperatures indicate that the catalyst is deactivated before the TMPs diffuse out of the pores, indicating that pore diffusion effects play an important role in the deactivation process at low temperatures. Our results suggest that novel approaches that enhance the pore-diffusion rates of the TMPs at lower temperatures must be pursued.