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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Bee Tribe Epeolini, with a Review of the Genus Triepeolus
Rightmyer, Molly Greer
Rightmyer, Molly Greer
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Abstract
A generic-level cladistic analysis of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Epeolini
(Apinae: Nomadinae) is presented. One hundred and two characters of adult
external morphology are identified and coded for 32 species representing all
genera and subgenera presently recognized within the tribe, along with five
outgroup taxa. The resulting topology is used in the formation of a higher-level
classification of the tribe. Four subtribes are characterized: Odyneropsina
Handlirsch, Rhogepeolina Rightmyer, Epeolina Robertson, and Thalestriina
Rightmyer. Pseudepeolus and Triepeolus are not supported as subgenera of
Doeringiella and are elevated to generic rank. The subgenus Trophocleptria
renders Epeolus sensu stricto paraphyletic and is synonymized. The group
Parammobates is recognized as a subgenus of Odyneropsis. A key to the genera
of the tribe is provided. The taxonomic history of the tribe, as well as available
information on hosts and biology of epeolines is summarized.
In addition, a study of the species of Triepeolus is presented, with three
separate keys. The first key is for the females of species occurring in North and
Central America, excluding those of the T. verbesinae and T. simplex species
groups. The second and third keys are for both sexes of all Triepeolus species
found in eastern North America, and in South America and the Caribbean,
respectively. Diagnoses, geographical ranges, host and floral records, and flight
times are recorded for each species presented in the keys, with the addition of
several well-defined species belonging to the T. verbesinae and T. simplex species groups. A total of 103 species, excluding those in the T. verbesinae and T.
simplex species groups, are recognized. Fifty-two species names are newly
synonymized (Table 6 and Appendix 5). The currently known and suspected host
relationships for Triepeolus species are summarized (Appendix 3), and a list of
the Triepeolus species found in various geographical regions is presented
(Appendix 4).
Description
The University of Kansas has long historical connections with Central America and the many Central
Americans who have earned graduate degrees at KU. This work is part of the Central American Theses
and Dissertations collection in KU ScholarWorks and is being made freely available with permission of the
author through the efforts of Professor Emeritus Charles Stansifer of the History department and the staff of
the Scholarly Communications program at the University of Kansas Libraries’ Center for Digital Scholarship.
Date
2006
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University of Kansas