| dc.description.abstract | Recent studies of whole body vibration in seated postures have suggested that the neuromotor system may play a role in the etiology of low back disorders. A number of researchers have modeled whole body vibration transmission to the low back, spine and head. However, no model to our knowledge has examined the transmission of mechanical vibration to muscle shortening/lengthening, the neuromotor system and reflex muscle activation. In addition, only a few studies have examined biodynamic vibration transmission in the fore-aft (anterior-posterior) direction. In this work, transmission of fore-aft vibration to the spine rotation and erector spinae muscle activation was assessed and a model of the motion was created. Ten healthy young subjects (5 male, 5 female, age 24, height 1.6 m, weight 69) were assessed. Subjects were screened for low back pain and other neuromuscular disorders. The KU-L Human Subjects Committee approved this study and all subjects gave informed consent. A Ling 1512 electro-dynamic shaker was used to create fore-aft vibration. Data from tri-axial accelerometers on the seatpan and attached to the skin at the T10 spinous process, an electrogoniometer across the lumbar spine, electromyography (EMG) on the erector spinae (ES) muscles at L2/L3 were collected during vibration. EMG data were filtered, rectified, integrated and normalized to a maximum obtained prior to vibration exposure. A running average method was used to analyze and obtain a single ensemble average of the processed data for a vibration period. Responses to fore-aft seatpan vibration (3 Hz to 14 Hz, 1 m/s^2 RMS and 2 m/s^2 RMS) both with and without a backrest were measured. From the ensemble averages, trunk acceleration transmissibility (seatpan acceleration to T10 accelerometer), vibration transmitted to lumbar rotations (seatpan acceleration to electrogoniometer), vibration-induced muscle activity (seatpan acceleration to ES EMG) and muscle activity relative to lumbar rotation (electrogoniometer to ES EMG) were calculated. A lumped parameter model was created with two lumped masses representing head-arm-trunk (HAT) and the pelvis-legs connected with linear and rotational dampers and springs. Muscle dynamics were introduced to the model. The parameters for the model were based on weights of the experimental subjects and anthropometric data from literature. Using Lagrangian dynamics, a linearized state-space model was created. This model was used to compare the model to the experimental data. In addition, using Simulink in MATLAB, the vibration experiment was simulated. The fore-aft trunk acceleration transmissibility declined with increasing frequency consistent with previous research and increased with the presence of a backrest. Transmissibility was found to be greater at 2 m/s^2 RMS compared to 1 m/s^2 RMS. It was observed that the vibration induced lumbar rotations declined with frequency similar to trunk acceleration transmissibility but with little change in the presence of a backrest. Examining the relationship between muscle activity and lumbar rotation, the magnitude of muscle activity was found to be mostly linearly related to the magnitude of lumbar rotation, suggesting that lumbar rotation is eliciting the muscle response. The peak muscle activity was delayed relative to peak trunk acceleration, with delays of 390ms at 3Hz to 43ms at 14Hz, suggesting a transition from voluntary to reflex muscle activation. The model was found to exhibit a similar pattern of fore-aft vibration transmissibility and lumbar rotation as found experimentally. It was also found to exhibit similar patterns of both fore-aft and vertical vibration transmissibility and lumbar rotation as previously reported in the literature. In this work, transmissibility of fore-aft vibration to the low back was found to be consistent with previous literature. Muscle activity in fore-aft vibration was found to correspond to lumbar rotation with delays that suggest a transition from voluntary to reflex-modulated erector spinae muscle response. A mechanical model of trunk dynamics has been created and found to have similar transmissibility and lumbar rotations as were observed experimentally. A Hill-type model of muscle dynamics was added to the basic model to assess the model behavior relative to the muscle activity. The model results were compared and validated using experimental predictions. Future work will be to include multiple muscle groups into the model and develop a model for vertical vibration. | |
