Efficient Bulk Operations on Dynamic R-trees

Abstract

In recent years, there has been an upsurge of interest in spatial databases. A major issue is how to efficiently manipulate massive amounts of spatial data stored on disk in multidimensional spatial indexes (data structures). Construction of spatial indexes (bulk loading) has been studied intensively in the database community. The continuous arrival of massive amounts of new data makes it important to e ciently update existing indexes (bulk updating). In this paper, we present a simple, yet e cient technique for performing bulk update and query operations on multidimensional indexes. We present our technique in terms of the so-called R-tree and its variants, as they have emerged as practically e cient indexing methods for spatial data. Our method uses ideas from the bu er tree lazy bu ering technique and fully utilizes the available internal memory and the page size of the operating system. We give a theoretical analysis of our technique, showing that it is e cient both in terms of I/O communication, disk storage, and internal computation time. We also present the results of an extensive set of experiments showing that in practice our approach performs better than the previously best known bulk update methods with respect to update time, and that it produces a better quality index in terms of query performance. One important novel feature of our technique is that in most cases it allows us to perform a batch of updates and queries simultaneously. To be able to do so is essential in environments where queries have to be answered even while the index is being updated and reorganized.