Phylogenetic relationships, origin and historical biogeography of the genus Sprattus (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)
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Issue Date
2021-08-18Author
Canales-Aguirre, Cristian B.
Ritchie, Peter A.
Hernández, Sebastián
Herrera-Yañez, Victoria
Fuentes, Sandra Ferrada
Oyarzún, Fernanda X.
Hernández, Cristián E.
Galleguillos, Ricardo
Arratia, Gloria
Publisher
PeerJ
Type
Article
Article Version
Scholarly/refereed, publisher version
Rights
Copyright 2021 Canales-Aguirre et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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The genus Sprattus comprises five species of marine pelagic fishes distributed worldwide in antitropical, temperate waters. Their distribution suggests an ancient origin during a cold period of the earth’s history. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis and corroborated the non-monophyly of the genus Sprattus, using a phylogenetic approach based on DNA sequences of five mitochondrial genome regions. Sprattus sprattus is more closely related to members of the genus Clupea than to other Sprattus species. We also investigated the historical biogeography of the genus, with the phylogenetic tree showing two well-supported clades corresponding to the species distribution in each hemisphere. Time-calibrated phylogenetic analyses showed that an ancient divergence between Northern and Southern Hemispheres occurred at 55.8 MYBP, followed by a diversification in the Oligocene epoch in the Northern Hemisphere clade (33.8 MYBP) and a more recent diversification in the Southern Hemisphere clade (34.2 MYBP). Historical biogeography analyses indicated that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) likely inhabited the Atlantic Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere. These results suggest that the ancestral population of the MRCA diverged in two populations, one was dispersed to the Northern Hemisphere and the other across the Southern Hemisphere. Given that the Eocene was the warmest epoch since the Paleogene, the ancestral populations would have crossed the tropics through deeper cooler waters, as proposed by the isothermal submergence hypothesis. The non-monophyly confirmed for the genus Sprattus indicates that its systematics should be re-evaluated.
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Citation
Canales-Aguirre CB, Ritchie PA, Hernández S, Herrera-Yañez V, Ferrada Fuentes S, Oyarzún FX, Hernández CE, Galleguillos R, Arratia G. 2021. Phylogenetic relationships, origin and historical biogeography of the genus Sprattus (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) PeerJ 9:e11737 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11737
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