Power in Transition: The Spatial Variation of Territorial Cohesion in Kazakhstan

Abstract

Studies of territorial cohesion combine aspects of effective national territory and spatial inequalities, focusing on better integration of regions through balanced economic growth, reducing regional disparities, and inclusive policies toward all citizens. Lack of cohesion and instability result from poorly managed government expenditures, clan politics, and policies toward minority ethnic groups. I examine territorial cohesion in Kazakhstan, focusing on territorial efficiency, quality, and identity to evaluate how government policies play out across the country. Analysis of official statistics shows that there is improvement in territorial efficiency and quality for most citizens, with the greatest investment in the resource-producing areas and in the rural south. There is less investment in the more heavily-Russified north. Not surprisingly, there is greater territorial identity in the south than in the north, which feels increasingly disenfranchised. This analysis was borne out in a survey of 255 university students. Ethnic Russians from the north felt most disenfranchised due to lack of opportunities and discrimination, while ethnic Kazakhs were more likely to view the future of the country positively and believe that they had greater opportunities. This research suggests that a multi-pronged approach toward territorial cohesion can be most helpful for both the governments of newly independent countries and for external assistance.