Smith, Maureen2010-01-262010-01-262001-09-01Indigenous Nations Journal, Volume 2, Number 2 (Fall, 2001), pp. 57-82https://hdl.handle.net/1808/5770This essay examines personal narratives to identify experiences at boarding schools. These collective experiences forged new American Indian identities due to a white educational system forced upon these Indian students. While stories remain part of tradition, they convey that Indian youth had changed permanently.enCopyright (c) Indigenous Nations Journal. For rights questions please contact the Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, 1410 Jayhawk Blvd, 6 Lippincott Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045ArticleopenAccess