2024-03-29T09:20:51Zhttps://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/oai/requestoai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1912018-05-09T17:30:29Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Using Dempster-Shafer’s Belief-Function Theory in Expert Systems
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Valuation-based systems
Expert systems
The main objective of this paper is to describe how Dempster-Shafer’s (DS) theory of belief functions fits in the framework of valuation-based systems (VBS). Since VBS serve as a framework for managing un-certainty in expert systems, this facilitates the use of DS belief-function theory in expert systems.
2004-12-23T03:42:41Z
2004-12-23T03:42:41Z
1994-02
Book chapter
Shenoy, P. P., "Using Dempster-Shafer’s Belief-Function Theory in Expert Systems," in R. R. Yager, M. Federizzi, and J. Kacprzyk (eds.), Advances in the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence, February 1994, pp. 395--414, John Wiley & Sons, New York
0-471-55248-8
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/191
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
John Wiley & Sons
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/5182018-07-03T13:51:49Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Nonlinear Deterministic Relationships in Bayesian Networks
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Conditionally deterministic variables
Mixtures of truncated exponentials
Conditional linear gaussian distributions
In a Bayesian network with continuous variables containing a variable(s) that is a conditionally deterministic function of its continuous parents, the joint density function does not exist. Conditional linear Gaussian distributions can handle such cases when the deterministic function is linear and the continuous variables have a multi-variate normal distribution. In this paper, operations required for performing inference with nonlinear conditionally deterministic variables are developed. We perform inference in networks with nonlinear deterministic variables and non-Gaussian continuous variables by using piecewise linear approximations to nonlinear functions and modeling probability distributions with mixtures of truncated exponentials (MTE) potentials.
2005-07-11T15:16:57Z
2005-07-11T15:16:57Z
2005-07
Book chapter
Cobb, B. R. and P. P. Shenoy (2005), "Nonlinear Deterministic Relationships in Bayesian Networks," in L. Godo (ed.), Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3571, 27--38, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
3-540-27326-3
0302-9743
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/518
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence;3571
openAccess
Springer-Verlag
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100652019-04-12T14:32:31Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Comovement of International Equity Markets: A Taxonomic Approach
Panton, Don B.
Lessig, V. Parker
Joy, O. Maurice
© 1976 University of Washington School of Business Administration
2012-09-07T19:14:53Z
2012-09-07T19:14:53Z
1976-09
Article
Panton, Don B., V. Parker Lessig and O. Maurice Joy (1976), "Comovement of International Equity Markets: A Taxonomic Approach," The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 11 (3), 415-432.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10065
10.2307/2330417
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2330417
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/276652019-02-01T09:01:23Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Examining the Connections within the Startup Ecosystem: A Case Study of St. Louis
Motoyama, Yasuyuki
Knowlton, Karren
Entrepreneurship
Startup
Ecosystem
Venture funds
We critically examine how an entrepreneurial ecosystem is structured using an exploratory and bottom-up approach. Past studies in this area have discussed the presence of elements in the system or captured the ecosystem as holistically as possible by extending to social, cultural, and institutional dimension. However, we find that such aggregated conceptualizations gave limited understanding to how different elements are connected and constitute the system. Here, we apply a social network approach by analyzing the connections of the ecosystem at multiple layers: (1) among entrepreneurs, (2) among support organizations, and (3) between and among entrepreneurs and key support organizations. Through a series of interviews with entrepreneurs and support organizations in St. Louis, we find that the ways in which support organizations in this region interacted with each other and with entrepreneurs, including explicit cross-organizational collaboration and strategic structuring of resources, significantly impacted the way that entrepreneurs interacted with one another and with organizations, thus deepening our understanding of these connections and identifying intervening points within the ecosystem.
2019-01-31T21:42:18Z
2019-01-31T21:42:18Z
2017-01-01
Article
Motoyama, Y., Knowlton, K., (2017). Examining the Connections within the Startup Ecosystem: A Case Study of St. Louis. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 7(1), https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2016-0011.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/27665
10.1515/erj-2016-0011
openAccess
De Gruyter
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/141612019-04-12T14:42:30Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Decision Making Under Ambiguity: A Belief-function Perspective
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
This is the publisher's version, which is being shared with permission, and which is also available electronically from: http://acs.polsl.pl/
In this article, we discuss problems with probability theory in representing uncertainties
encountered in the "real world" and show how belief functions can overcome these difficulties.
Also, we discuss an expected utility approach of decision making under ambiguity using the
belief function framework. In particular, we develop a proposition for decision making under
ambiguity using the expected utility theory. This proposition is based on Strat's approach of
resolving ambiguity in the problem using belief functions. We use the proposition to explain
the Ellsberg paradox and model the decision making behavior under ambiguity. We use the empirical
data of Einhorn and Hogarth to validate the proposition. Also, we use the proposition to
predict several decision making behaviors under ambiguity for special conditions. Furthermore,
we discuss the general condition under which the "switching" behavior, as observed by Einhorn
and Hogarth, will occur using the concept of "precision measure" in the expected utility theory.
2014-06-17T20:33:35Z
2014-06-17T20:33:35Z
1997
Article
R.P. Srivastava: Decision making under ambiguity: a belief-function perspective. Archives of Control Sciences, 6(XLII), 1997, 5-27.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/14161
en
openAccess
De Gruyter Open
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/52312018-07-24T17:36:47Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Use of Radio Frequency Identification for Targeted Advertising: A Collaborative Filtering Approach Using Bayesian Networks
Cinicioglu, Esma N.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Kocabasoglu, Canan
Rfid
Targeted advertising
Bayesian networks
Learning Bayesian networks
Collaborative filtering
This article discusses a potential application of radio frequency identification (RFID) and collaborative filtering for targeted advertising in grocery stores. Every day hundreds of items in grocery stores are marked down for promotional purposes. Whether these promotions are effective or not depends primarily on whether the customers are aware of them or not, and secondarily whether the customers are interested in the products or not. Currently, the companies are incapable of influencing the customers’ decision-making process while they are shopping. However, the capabilities of RFID technology enable us to transfer the recommendation systems of e-commerce to grocery stores. In our model, using RFID technology, we get real time information about the products placed in the cart during the shopping process. Based on that information we inform the customer about those promotions in which the customer is likely to be interested in. The selection of the product advertised is a dynamic decision making process since it is based on the information of the products placed inside the cart while customer is shopping. Collaborative filtering will be used for the identification of the advertised product and Bayesian networks will be used for the application of collaborative filtering. We are assuming a scenario where all products have RFID tags, and grocery carts are equipped with RFID readers and screens that would display the relevant promotions.
2009-05-27T17:38:07Z
2009-05-27T17:38:07Z
2007-07
Book chapter
Cinicioglu, E. N., P. P. Shenoy and C. Kocabasoglu, "Use of Radio Frequency Identification for Targeted Advertising: A Collaborative Filtering Approach Using Bayesian Networks," in K. Mellouli (ed.), Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4724, 2007, pp. 889--900, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/5231
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-495X
en_US
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
4724
openAccess
Springer-Verlag, Berlin
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1772018-05-09T17:27:44Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Sequential Influence Diagrams: A Unified Asymmetry Framework
Jensen, Finn V.
Nielsen, Thomas D.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Sequential valuation networks
Asymmetric influence diagrams
Unconstrained influence diagrams
Valuation networks
Sequential decision diagrams
Asymmetric decision problems
We describe a new graphical language for specifying asymmetric decision problems. The language is based on a filtered merge of several existing languages including sequential valuation networks, asymmetric influence diagrams, and unconstrained influence diagrams. Asymmetry is encoded using a structure resembling a clustered decision tree, whereas the representation of the uncertainty model is based on the (unconstrained) influence diagram framework. We illustrate the proposed language by modeling several highly asymmetric decision problems, and we outline an efficient solution procedure.
2004-12-20T14:57:41Z
2004-12-20T14:57:41Z
2004-10
Book chapter
Jensen, F. V., T. D. Nielsen, and P. P. Shenoy, "Sequential Influence Diagrams: A Unified Asymmetry Framework," in P. Lucas (ed.), Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGM-04), 2004, pp. 121--128, Lorentz Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/177
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/109912019-04-12T14:41:34Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
The Dempster-Schafer Theory of Belief Functions for Managing Uncertainties: An Introduction and Fraud Risk Assessment Illustration
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Mock, Theodore J.
Gao, Lei
Dempster-Schafer Theory of Belief Functions
Fraud Risk
Audit risk
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available electronically from:<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.
com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291835-2561>.
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the Dempster-Shafer theory (“DS” theory) of belief functions for managing uncertainties, specifically in the auditing and information systems domains. We illustrate the use of DS theory by deriving a fraud risk assessment formula for a simplified version of a model developed by Srivastava, Mock, and Turner (2007). In our formulation, fraud risk is the normalized product of four risks: risk that management has incentives to commit fraud, risk that management has opportunities to commit fraud, risk that management has an attitude to rationalize committing fraud, and the risk that auditor’s special procedures will fail to detect fraud.
We demonstrate how to use such a model to plan for a financial audit where management fraud risk is assessed to be high. In addition, we discuss whether audit planning is better served by an integrated audit/fraud risk assessment as now suggested in SAS 107 (AICPA 2006a, see also ASA 200 in AUASB 2007) or by the approach illustrated in this paper where a parallel, but separate, assessment is made of audit risk and fraud risk.
2013-04-10T16:53:25Z
2013-04-10T16:53:25Z
2011
Article
Srivastava, Rajendra. (2011) The Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions for Managing Uncertainties: An Introduction and Fraud Risk Assessment Illustration. Australian Accounting Review, 21 (3) 282–291.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10991
en
http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291835-2561
openAccess
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/8192019-04-12T14:33:50Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Response-bias-free recognition tests to measure advertising effects
Singh, Surendra N.
Churchill, Gilbert A.
2006-01-10T20:52:55Z
2006-01-10T20:52:55Z
2000
Article
SINGH, SN; CHURCHILL, GA. RESPONSE-BIAS-FREE RECOGNITION TESTS TO MEASURE ADVERTISING EFFECTS. JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH. Jan-Apr 2000. 27(3) : 23.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JAR
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/819
en_US
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177742018-05-07T19:06:30Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Enhancing helping behavior: An integrative framework for promotion planning
Bendapudi, Neeli
Singh, Surendra N.
Bendapudi, Venkat
This is the published version. Copyright 1996 American Marketing Association.
Charitable organizations play a vital role in society, as evidenced by their enormous economic and social impact. Yet, for many of them, soliciting adequate resources to carry out their mandates is a continuing struggle. Confronted with a growing need for their services, fierce competition from other charities and shrinking support from government agencies, charities may turn to marketers for help in developing effective promotional strategies. Unfortunately, marketing literature is unable to provide meaningful guidance because scant research attention has hampered a fuller understanding of why people help. A study integrates relevant research in marketing, economics, sociology and social psychology to advance theoretical understanding of helping behavior. In addition, research propositions regarding specific promotional strategies that charitable organizations cam employ to elicit help are presented.
2015-05-15T19:26:08Z
2015-05-15T19:26:08Z
1996-07
Article
Bendapudi, Neeli, Surendra N. Singh, and Venkat Bendapudi. "Enhancing Helping Behavior: An Integrative Framework for Promotion Planning." Journal of Marketing 60.3 (1996): 33. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17774
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/7502018-05-08T20:50:49Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Probability Propagation
Shafer, Glenn R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Probability propagation
Local computation
Hypertree
Construction sequence
Markov tree
Parallel processing
In this paper we give a simple account of local computation of marginal probabilities for when the joint probability distribution is given in factored form and the sets of variables involved in the factors form a hypertree. Previous expositions of such local computation have emphasized conditional probability. We believe this emphasis is misplaced. What is essential to local computation is a factorization. It is not essential that this factorization be interpreted in terms of conditional probabilities. The account given here avoids the divisions required by conditional probabilities and generalizes readily to alternative measures of subjective probability, such Dempster-Shafer or Spohnian belief functions.
2005-10-24T22:56:23Z
2005-10-24T22:56:23Z
1990-03
Article
Shafer, G. R. and P. P. Shenoy, "Probability Propagation," Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, Nos. 1--4, 1990, pp. 327--351.
1012-2443
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/750
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/262852018-07-03T13:49:49Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
An Introduction to Evidential Reasoning for Decision Making under Uncertainty: Bayesian and Belief Functions Perspectives
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Evidential Reasoning
Bayesian
Dempster-Shafer theory
Belief Functions
The main purpose of this article is to introduce the evidential reasoning approach, a research
methodology, for decision making under uncertainty. Bayesian framework and Dempster-Shafer
theory of belief functions are used to model uncertainties in the decision problem. We first
introduce the basics of the DS theory and then discuss the evidential reasoning approach and
related concepts. Next, we demonstrate how specific decision models can be developed from the basic evidential diagrams under the two frameworks. It is interesting to note that it is quite
efficient to develop Bayesian models of the decision problems using the evidential reasoning
approach compared to using the ladder diagram approach as used in the auditing literature. In
addition, we compare the decision models developed in this paper with similar models developed in the literature.
2018-04-06T04:28:21Z
2018-04-06T04:28:21Z
2010-12-08
Article
Srivastava, R. P. 2011. "An Introduction to Evidential Reasoning for Decision Making under Uncertainty: Bayesian and Belief Functions Perspectives". International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Vol. 12: 126–135.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/26285
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177762019-04-12T14:56:24Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Antecedents of the attraction effect: An information-processing approach
Mishra, Sanjay
Umesh, U. N.
Stem, Donald E., Jr.
Studies
Products
Models
Market shares
Market research
Correlation analysis
Consumer behavior
Brand preferences
This is the published version. Copyright 1993 American Marketing Association.
Many researchers have demonstrated the existence of an attraction effect that increases the choice probability of an existing target brand by the introduction of a relatively inferior decoy brand. A causal model that links antecedent variables with the attraction effect is developed. It is found that the attraction effect is explained to a considerable extent by changes in the following 7 variables: 1. information relevance or stimulus meaningfulness, 2. product class knowledge, 3. task involvement, 4. perceived similarity between decoy and target, 5. relative brand preference, 6. share captured by decoy brand, and 7. perceived decoy popularity. The overall results were consistent across product classes studied, which included beer, cars, and television sets. The popularity explanation for attraction effect, alluded to by Huber, Payne, and Puto (1982), was tested and found to hold true.
2015-05-15T20:22:38Z
2015-05-15T20:22:38Z
1993-08
Article
Mishra, Sanjay, U. N. Umesh, and Donald E. Stem. "Antecedents of the Attraction Effect: An Information-Processing Approach." Journal of Marketing Research 30.3 (1993): 331. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17776
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/115112019-04-12T14:52:30Zcom_1808_7105com_1808_60col_1808_7108col_1808_132
Paraguay and Mercosur: The lesser of two evils?
Birch, Melissa
This is an unpublished manuscript last revised in March, 2013.
2013-07-19T22:28:29Z
2013-07-19T22:28:29Z
2013-07-19
Working Paper
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11511
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/237612018-05-08T20:46:32Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
On Computing Probabilities of Dismissal of 10b-5 Securities Class-Action Cases
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Probability
Logistic regression
Naïve Bayes
Hybrid model
10b-5 securities class-action cases
The main goal of this paper is to propose a probability model for computing probabilities of dismissal of 10b-5 securities class-action cases filed in United States Federal district courts. By dismissal, we mean dismissal with prejudice in response to the motion to dismiss filed by the defendants, and not eventual dismissal after the discovery process. The proposed probability model is a hybrid of two widely-used methods: logistic regression, and naïve Bayes. Using a dataset of 925 10b-5 securities class-action cases filed between 2002 and 2010, we show that the proposed hybrid model has the potential of computing better probabilities than either LR or NB models. By better, we mean lower root mean square errors of probabilities of dismissal. The proposed hybrid model uses the following features: allegations of generally accepted accounting principles violations, allegations of lack of internal control, bankruptcy filing during the class period, allegations of Section 11 violations of Securities Act of 1933, and short-term drop in stock price. Our model is useful for those insurance companies which underwrite Directors and Officers liability policy.
2017-04-24T20:34:04Z
2017-04-24T20:34:04Z
2017-02
Article
Sumanta Singha, Steve Hillmer, Prakash P. Shenoy, On computing probabilities of dismissal of 10b-5 securities class-action cases, Decision Support Systems, Volume 94, February 2017, Pages 29-41, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.10.004.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/23761
10.1016/j.dss.2016.10.004
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177792019-04-12T14:56:25Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Using the Theory of Signal Detection to Improve Ad Recognition Testing.
Singh, Surendra N.
Churchill, Gilbert A.
Readership
Advertising research
This is the published version. Copyright 1986 American Marketing Association.
Recognition tests are a very popular means of assessing the memory effectiveness of advertisements. Unfortunately the recognition scores obtained by current methods reflect both the memory for an advertisement and the response biases of the respondents. The authors introduce the theory of signal detection (TSD) which can be used to secure independent estimates of memory and response bias in recognition tests. They discuss how TSD can be used to improve ad recognition testing.
2015-05-15T20:48:27Z
2015-05-15T20:48:27Z
1986
Article
Singh, Surendra N., and Gilbert A. Churchill. "Using the Theory of Signal Detection to Improve Ad Recognition Testing." Journal of Marketing Research 23.4 (1986): 327. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17779
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/293522020-07-24T14:01:15Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Fearlessly Swimming Upstream to Risky Waters: The Role of Geographic Entry in Innovation
Lampert, Curba Morris
Kim, Minyoung
Hubbard, Timothy David
Roy, Raja
Leckie, George
Complementarities
Geographic entry
Innovation
R&D
Upstream and downstream activities
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Lampert, C. M., Kim, M. , Hubbard, T. D., Roy, R. and Leckie, G. (2019), Fearlessly Swimming Upstream to Risky Waters: The Role of Geographic Entry in Innovation. Jour. of Manage. Stud. doi:10.1111/joms.12347, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12347 . This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.
We examine the puzzling geographic pattern that shows firms entering countries with weak intellectual property rights (IPR) protection with their research and development (R&D) activities. Geographic entry into weak IPR protection countries is at odds with conventional wisdom as such an environment erodes a firm's ability to appropriate from its innovations. We offer that while the well‐established practice of spreading out a firm's value chain activities across a region has important implications for value creation, what remains unaddressed is the value appropriation aspect of such activities. We introduce a multilevel theory and maintain that operating regionally through commercialization activities (downstream activities) provides complementary assets to the upstream activities – specifically R&D activities in a country within that region – with which focal firms can appropriate more from their innovations. We find that regional downstream commercialization activities can substitute for weak IPR regimes, thereby providing firms with an alternative mechanism for protecting their intellectual property in weak IPR countries.
2019-06-20T02:25:23Z
2019-06-20T02:25:23Z
2018-05-02
Article
Lampert, C. M., Kim, M. , Hubbard, T. D., Roy, R. and Leckie, G. (2019), Fearlessly Swimming Upstream to Risky Waters: The Role of Geographic Entry in Innovation. Jour. of Manage. Stud.. doi:10.1111/joms.12347
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/29352
10.1111/joms.12347
OpenAccess
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for the Advancement of Management Studies
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177752018-05-07T19:05:51Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Enhancing memory of television commercials through message spacing.
Singh, Surendra N.
Mishra, Sanjay
Bendapudi, Neeli
Linville, Denise
Message repitition
spacing lag time
measurement delay
Memory for TV commercials
20-35 vs 62-83 yr olds
This is the published version. Copyright 1994 American Marketing Association.
Examined the effects of message repetition, message spacing lag time, and measurement delay on memory for TV commercials among 413 older and younger adults (aged 62–83 yrs vs 20–35 yrs). Results show that in the long measurement delay condition, the recall of message contents was significantly higher with the long lag time than with the short lag time. However, in the short measurement delay condition, recall was significantly higher with the short lag time than with the long lag time. The effect of lag in forestalling memory decay appeared to be similar for both older and younger Ss. Results are interpreted based on a variation of encoding variability theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
2015-05-15T20:00:18Z
2015-05-15T20:00:18Z
1994-08
Article
Singh, Surendra N., Sanjay Mishra, Neeli Bendapudi, and Denise Linville. "Enhancing Memory of Television Commercials through Message Spacing." Journal of Marketing Research 31.3 (1994): 384. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17775
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100892019-04-12T14:44:02Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers and Transaction Costs
Walker, Gordon
Poppo, Laura
© 1991 by Cornell University
This paper addresses criticisms of transaction-cost theory that it overstates the effect of asset specialization on vertical integration and understates the costs of managing interunit relationships within an organization, particularly for nonstandard organizations and markets. We apply the theory simultaneously to decentralized supply relationships in a manufacturing corporation and to the corporation's relationships with single-source suppliers. Our results support the core proposition of the theory-that specialized assets have lower transaction costs within the organization. However, the hybrid characteristics of these supply relationships challenge both the theory's basic assumptions and its predictive power. Corporate decentralization and relational contracting in the market diminish the role of asset specificity as a necessary condition for low transaction costs in-house and as a sufficient condition for high transaction costs in the market. Therefore, how the theory should be used as a predictor of shifts in the current boundaries of the corporation is unclear.
2012-09-14T19:46:02Z
2012-09-14T19:46:02Z
1991-03
Article
Walker, Gordon and Laura Poppo (1991), "Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers and Transaction Costs," Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1), 66-87.
0022-1090
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10089
10.2307/2393430
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393430
openAccess
Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of the Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177882019-04-12T14:56:45Zcom_1808_3892com_1808_60col_1808_18180col_1808_132
Examining Non-Linear Relationships between Human Resource Practices and Manufacturing Performance
Chadwick, Clint
Copyright by Cornell University. This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://ilr.sagepub.com.
One little-explored question concerning innovative human resources practices is how the intensity of their implementation affects their impact on establishment performance: is the relationship linear, or more complex? This analysis, using U.S. Census Bureau data for 1997 from a sample of 1,212 private sector manufacturing establishments, investigates the possibility of non-linearities in the relationship between establishment performance and six human resource practices. The author finds departures from linearity that are both statistically significant and substantively meaningful for four of the six practices. He concludes that linear estimations of these relationships could mislead theorists and result in faulty recommendations to practitioners.
2015-05-18T14:43:44Z
2015-05-18T14:43:44Z
2007-07-01
Article
Chadwick, Clint. (2007). "Examining Non-Linear Relationships between Human Resource Practices and Manufacturing Performance." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(4):499-521. http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/60/4/499.short.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17788
http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/60/4/499.short
openAccess
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1382018-05-07T18:47:15Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Sensitivity of Investor Reaction to Market Direction and Volatility: The Case of Dividend Change Announcements
Koch, Paul D.
Docking, Diane Scott
Dividend policy
Rational expectations
Overreaction
Behavioral finance
This study examines whether investor reactions are sensitive to the recent direction and/or
volatility of underlying market movements. We find dividend change announcements elicit a
greater change in stock price when the nature of the news (good or bad) goes against the grain of
the recent market direction during volatile times. For example, announcements to lower
dividends elicit a significantly greater decrease in stock price when market returns have been up
and more volatile. Similarly, announcements to raise dividends tend to elicit a greater increase
in stock price when market returns have been normal or down and more volatile, although this
latter tendency lacks statistical significance. We suggest an explanation for these results that
combines the implications of a dynamic rational expectations equilibrium model with behavioral
considerations that link the responsiveness of investors to market direction and volatility.
2004-12-07T22:53:33Z
2004-12-07T22:53:33Z
2004-02
Article
Docking, Diane Scott and Paul D. Koch. Sensitivity of Investor Reaction to Market Direction and Volatility: The Case of Dividend Change Announcements, February 2004.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/138
en_US
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1692019-04-12T14:12:13Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
On Transformations between Probability and Spohnian Disbelief Functions
Giang, Phan H.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Spohn's theory of epistemic beliefs
Spohn's disbelief functions
Probability mass functions
In this paper, we analyze the relationship between probability and Spohn's theory for representation of uncertain beliefs. Using the intuitive idea that the more probable a proposition is, the more believable it is, we study transformations from probability to Spohnian disbelief and vice-versa. The transformations described in this paper are different from those described in the literature. In particular, the former satisfies the principle of ordinal congurence while the latter does not. Such transformations between probability and Spohn's calculi can contribute to (1) a clarification of the semantics of non-probabilistic degree of uncertain belief, and (2) to a construction of a decision theory for such calculi. In practice, the transformations will allow a meaningful combination of more than one calculus in different stages of using an expert system such as knowledge acquisition, inference, and interpretation of results.
2004-12-18T23:20:09Z
2004-12-18T23:20:09Z
1999-07
Book chapter
Giang, P. H. and P. P. Shenoy, "On Transformations between Probability and Spohnian Disbelief Functions," in K. B. Laskey and H. Prade (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 15, 1999, pp. 236--244, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA.
1-55860-614-9
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/169
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/175982018-05-04T15:29:14Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
The Performance of Internet-based Business Models: Evidence from the Banking Industry
DeYoung, Robert
This is the publisher's version. Copyright 2005 by University Chicago Press
This study introduces a general intuitive framework for analyzing start-up firms with Internet-based business plans, and estimates the framework for Internet-only banks and thrifts in the U.S. Internet-only banks historically have underperformed branching banks, leading some to conclude that this business model is not viable. But automated production technologies like the Internet are likely to exhibit substantial scale economies - so although Internet-only banks tend to grow fast, most are still relatively small operations, and thus may be operating below efficient scale. The empirical analysis demonstrates that profitability gaps do shrink as Internet-only banks get larger, and that (regardless of scale) the more successful Internet-only banks are the ones that practice basic cost control. The results offer a number of insights for e-commerce firms in general, and more specifically suggest that Internet-only banking models may be viable when executed efficiently.
2015-05-05T20:18:57Z
2015-05-05T20:18:57Z
2005
Article
Deyoung, Robert. "The Performance of Internet‐Based Business Models: Evidence from the Banking Industry." The Journal of Business 78.3 (2005): 893-948. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.376821.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17598
10.2139/ssrn.376821
openAccess
University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1762018-05-08T20:52:48Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Inference in Hybrid Bayesian Networks with Deterministic Variables
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Hybrid Bayesian networks
Conditionally deterministic variables
Mixtures of truncated exponentials
Conditional linear gaussian distributions
An important class of hybrid Bayesian networks are those that have conditionally deterministic variables (a variable that is a deterministic function of its parents). In this case, if some of the parents are continuous, then the joint density function does not exist. Conditional linear Gaussian (CLG) distributions can handle such cases when the deterministic function is linear and continuous variables are normally distributed. In this paper, we develop operations required for performing inference with conditionally deterministic variables using relationships derived from joint cumulative distribution functions (CDF’s). These methods allow inference in networks with deterministic variables where continuous variables are non-Gaussian.
2004-12-20T14:52:52Z
2004-12-20T14:52:52Z
2004-10
Book chapter
Cobb, B. R. and P. P. Shenoy, "Inference in Hybrid Bayesian Networks with Deterministic Variables," in P. Lucas (ed.), Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Probabilistic Graphical Models (PGM-04), 2004, pp. 57--64, Lorentz Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/176
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177802019-04-12T14:56:26Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Recognition as a Measure of Learning from Television Commercials.
Singh, Surendra N.
Rothschild, Michael L.
Television advertising
Research
Consumer behavior
Advertising research
Advertising effectiveness
Marketing literature
Commercial products
Marketing
This is the published version. Copyright 1983 American Marketing Association.
Recognition has not received extensive acceptance by practitioners as a response variable for learning of television commercials. The authors review some of the distinctions between recoil and recognition, and some of the problems associated with each. In a laboratory experiment they developed and tested a measure of recognition useful for low involvement situations in which a recall level of learning may not be necessary. Data and implications about the usefulness and limitations of the measure are presented.
2015-05-15T20:57:21Z
2015-05-15T20:57:21Z
1983-08
Article
Singh, Surendra N., and Michael L. Rothschild. "Recognition as a Measure of Learning from Television Commercials." Journal of Marketing Research 20.3 (1983): 235. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17780
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110222019-04-12T14:41:42Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
Venture Capitalists' Decision to Withdraw: The Role of Portfolio Configuration From a Real Options Lens
Li, Yong
Chi, Tailan
Venture capital
Project withdrawal
Real options
Uncertainty
Portfolio configuration
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2036399.
When does a venture capital firm withdraw from an investment project prior to its completion? This study offers a real options view on this decision by examining the contingent effects of portfolio configuration. We explore how project withdrawal can be influenced by two distinct dimensions of portfolio configuration, portfolio focus in a strategic domain and portfolio diversity across multiple domains. The empirical analysis shows that while portfolio focus weakens the negative effect of industry-level uncertainty on a venture capitalist’s propensity to withdraw from a project, portfolio diversity strengthens the effect of uncertainty. This study informs current research on the boundary of real options theory and sheds light on the behavior of venture capitalists in financing entrepreneurship.
2013-04-15T18:14:42Z
2013-04-15T18:14:42Z
2012
Article
Chi, Tailan. (2012) Venture Capitalists' Decision to Withdraw: The Role of Portfolio Configuration From a Real Options Lens. Strategic Management Journal.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11022
en
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2036399
openAccess
Social Science Research Network
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110002019-04-12T14:44:11Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Evidential Reasoning for WebTrust Assurance Services
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Mock, Theodore J.
Assurance Services
WebTrust
Decision theory
Risk management
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://www.jmis-web.org
This study looks at two aspects of assurance services. The first deals with the type(s) of
evidential networks that will allow a professional accountant to provide assurance. Here, we
develop an evidential network model for “WebTrust Assurance,” a service being provided by
the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants (CICA). Our model augments the AICPA/CICA approach and provides
goals, sub-goals and evidence relevant to the overall assurance to be provided. The aggregation
of evidence and the resolution of uncertainties follow the belief-function approach of
Srivastava and Shafer.
Next we develop a decision theoretic model for the assurance-planning problem. Our
approach is based on estimating the expected value of providing various levels of assurance and
is illustrated with several different scenarios that may be faced in practice. We also consider the
role of ambiguity in decision situations such as planning WebTrust engagements and calculate
bounds in expected value based on whether auditors are conservative or not in their approach
to risk.
2013-04-10T17:47:10Z
2013-04-10T17:47:10Z
2000
Article
Srivastava, Rajendra. (2000) Evidential Reasoning for WebTrust Assurance Services. Journal of
Management Information Systems, 16 (3).
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11000
10.1109/HICSS.1999.772921
en
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/220591267_Evidential_Reasoning_for_WebTrust_Assurance_Services
openAccess
M.E. Sharpe
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1682019-04-12T14:16:01Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
A Comparison of Graphical Techniques for Asymmetric Decision Problems
Bielza, Concha
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Asymmetric decision problems
Decision trees
Influence diagrams
Valuation networks
Sequential decision diagrams
We compare four graphical techniques for representation and solution of asymmetric decision problems—decision trees, influence diagrams, valuation networks, and sequential decision diagrams. We solve a modified version of Covaliu and Oliver’s Reactor problem using each of the four techniques. For each technique, we highlight the strengths, weaknesses, and some open issues that perhaps can be resolved with further research.
2004-12-18T22:44:02Z
2004-12-18T22:44:02Z
1999-11
Article
Bielza, C. and P. P. Shenoy, "A Comparison of Graphical Techniques for Asymmetric Decision Problems," Management Science, Vol. 45, No. 11, 1999, pp. 1552--1569.
0025-1909
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/168
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Institute For Operations Research and Management Sciences
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101772019-04-12T14:44:03Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Equity Mispricing and Leverage Adjustment Costs
Warr, Richard S.
Elliott, William
Koeter-Kant, Johanna
Öztekin, Özde
COPYRIGHT 2012, MICHAEL G. FOSTER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WA 98195
We find that equity mispricing impacts the speed at which firms adjust to their target leverage (TL) and does so in predictable ways depending on whether the firm is over- or underlevered. For example, firms that are above their TL and should therefore issue equity (or retire debt) adjust more rapidly toward their target when their equity is overvalued. However, when a firm is undervalued but needs to reduce leverage, the speed of adjustment is much slower. Our findings support the role of equity mispricing as an important factor that alters the cost of making capital structure adjustments.
2012-10-18T17:33:30Z
2013-06-20T12:10:03Z
2012-06
Article
Richard S. Warr, William B. Elliott, Johanna Koëter-Kant and Özde Öztekin (2012). Equity Mispricing and Leverage Adjustment Costs. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47, pp 589-616 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022109012000051
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10177
10.1017/S0022109012000051
en_US
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1792019-04-12T14:35:05Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
A New Pruning Method for Solving Decision Trees and Game Trees
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Decision trees
Game trees
Roll-back method
Scenario trees
The main goal of this paper is to describe a newpruning method for solving decision trees and game trees. The pruning method for decision trees suggests a slight variant of decision trees that we call scenario trees. In scenario trees, we do not need a conditional probability for each edge emanating from a chance node. Instead, we require a joint probability for each path from the root node to a leaf node. We compare the pruning method to the traditional rollback method for decision trees and game trees. For problems that require Bayesian revision of probabilities, a scenario tree representation with the pruning method is more efficient than a decision tree representation with the rollback method. For game trees, the pruning method is more efficient than the rollback method.
2004-12-20T15:21:09Z
2004-12-20T15:21:09Z
1995-08
Book chapter
Shenoy, P. P., "A New Pruning Method for Solving Decision Trees and Game Trees," in P. Besnard and S. Hanks (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 11, 1995, pp. 482--490, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA.
1-55860-385-9
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/179
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101752019-04-12T14:32:45Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
On the Asymmetry of Market Returns
Beedles, William L.
The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis © 1979 University of Washington School of Business Administration
2012-10-18T16:37:58Z
2012-10-18T16:37:58Z
1979
Article
Beedles, William L. (1979), "On the Asymmetry of Market Returns," The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 14 (3), 653-660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2330196
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10175
10.2307/2330196
en_US
openAccess
University of Washington School of Business Administration
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/262862018-05-04T15:22:22Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Assurance on XBRL Instance Document: A Conceptual Framework of Assertions
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Kogan, Alexander
Assurance
Assertions
XBRL
Instance Document
Framework
XBRL stands for extensible business reporting language. It is an XML based computer language for reporting business information. In December 2008, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (US SEC) voted to require public filers to provide a supplemental exhibit of their financial statements (including footnotes) in XBRL, with the top approximately 500
public companies required to comply with this new requirement starting on June 15, 2009, and the phase-in of this requirement for the other filers to be completed on June 15, 2011. The file created using the XRBL language is called an XBRL instance document. Under this requirement, the filers are not required to obtain a third party assurance on the XBRL instance document. The main reason for not requiring a third party independent assurance of XBRL instance documents is to encourage filers to comply with the SEC requirement without incurring much added costs.
In addition, to encourage the filers to comply with this requirement, the SEC is not holding filers legally liable of any errors in the filed XBRL instance documents so long as they look similar to the standard reports when viewed using the SEC viewer.
Even though the SEC is not currently requiring a third party assurance of the XBRL instance documents of the SEC filings, it is in the best interest of the public that these documents be assured. Although there have been efforts by both the practitioners and academics to investigate issues involved in providing assurance on XBRL documents, these efforts have been focused on
the specifics of the assurance process and the difficulties involved in it, and not on developing a framework of assertions. Even the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants recent publication SOP 09-1 provides only an illustrative list of management assertions for handling the XBRL-tagging engagements under the SSAEs as agreed-upon procedures without considering a
framework. Without a conceptual framework, the assurance process for XBRL instance document would be ad hoc and inconsistent. This paper develops a set of assertions for providing assurance on XBRL instance documents similar to the management assertions for financial audits. Further, we discuss how such a framework would assist auditors in planning and
evaluating such an engagement by collecting appropriate items of evidence pertaining to specific assertions to form an opinion whether the instance document is a true representation of the standard format (i.e., ASCII or HTML) document. We also discuss how the use of new technology would make the assurance process more effective and efficient.
2018-04-06T04:41:22Z
2018-04-06T04:41:22Z
2009-11-23
Article
R. P. Srivastava and A. Kogan. "Assurance on XBRL Instance Document: A Conceptual Framework of Assertions". International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Vol. 11 (2010) 261-273.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/26286
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/310592021-01-08T09:00:46Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Clipping Coupons: Redemption of Offers with Forward-Looking Consumers
Joseph, Kissan
Loginova, Oksana
Consumer redemption behavior
Forward-looking consumers
Forgetting
Stochastic costs
Consumer redemption behavior pertaining to coupons, gift certificates, product sampling, rebates, and the like, has been the focus of much scholarly inquiry and the extant literature has documented two noteworthy empirical regularities - a bump in redemptions close to offer expiry and greater redemption with shorter redemption windows. In the extant work, these phenomena have been explained by invoking myopic consumers. Against this backdrop, we ask a simple question: can these phenomena survive if we assume rational, forward-looking consumers? Accordingly, we develop a model consisting exclusively of forward-looking consumers and incorporate two constructs highlighted in the literature - forgetting and stochastic redemption costs. We derive consumers' period-by-period redemption rule and subsequently illustrate the emergence of the two aforementioned empirical regularities.
2021-01-07T20:49:26Z
2021-01-07T20:49:26Z
2019-07-07
Article
Kissan Joseph and Oksana Loginova, (2019) ''Clipping Coupons: Redemption of Offers with Forward-Looking Consumers'', Economics Bulletin, Volume 39, Issue 3, pages 1694-1700
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/31059
http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2019/Volume39/EB-19-V39-I3-P160.pdf
openAccess
Economics Bulletin
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/318812021-08-26T08:00:40Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies
Li, Kunpeng
Wang, Lan
Chhajed, Dilip
Mallik, Suman
Game Theory
Market Segmentation
Multiperiod Modeling
Pricing
Product Design
Quality
Retail Marketing
Self-Selection
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Li, K., Wang, L., Chhajed, D. and Mallik, S. (2019), The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies. Decision Sciences, 50: 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12331, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12331. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
We consider a manufacturer who produces and sells a new product in a monopoly market. The new product quality is unobservable to consumers before purchase. Consumers make purchase decisions based on their perception of product quality. In addition, consumer valuation toward the product will be reduced if a product failure is experienced. We formulate a two-period model to analyze the impact of consumer quality perception and consumer valuation change on manufacturer's optimal decisions over quality, warranty, price, and market coverage strategies. We find that it is optimal for the manufacturer to offer warranty compensation that is higher than the purchase price when he has a low quality reputation but is offering a high-quality product. We also identify the optimal strategy for the manufacturer in terms of market coverage. Specifically, when the consumer valuation discount factor due to product failure experience is high, it is optimal for the manufacturer to serve only the high segment in the second period. Otherwise, serving both the high and the low segments generates more profit. We further investigate consumer welfare and identify win-win conditions, where the optimal strategy of the manufacturer benefits the consumers as well.
2021-08-25T19:32:54Z
2021-08-25T19:32:54Z
2018-08-13
Article
Li, K., Wang, L., Chhajed, D. and Mallik, S. (2019), The Impact of Quality Perception and Consumer Valuation Change on Manufacturer's Optimal Warranty, Pricing, and Market Coverage Strategies. Decision Sciences, 50: 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12331
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/31881
10.1111/deci.12331
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4291-7207
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8503-6843
openAccess
© 2018 Decision Sciences Institute
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/150502019-04-12T14:38:11Zcom_1808_291com_1808_60col_1808_292col_1808_132
The Construction Wage Determination Process in the 1970's
Shulenburger, David E.
McLean, Robert
Rasch, Sara E.
This Technical Report was published by the School of Business at the University of Kansas.
Review of wage determination in the US construction industry in the 1970's with regression estimation of various effects.
2014-09-24T19:00:33Z
2014-09-24T19:00:33Z
1982
Technical Report
Shulenburger, David E. McLean, Robert. Rasch, Sara E. "The Construction Wage Determination Process in the 1970's." School of Business, University of Kansas. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2954.8801
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/15050
10.13140/2.1.2954.8801
openAccess
School of Business, University of Kansas
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1732019-04-12T14:19:49Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Game Trees for Decision Analysis
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Game trees
Decision trees
Influence diagrams
Valuation networks
Roll-back method
Game trees (or extensive-form games) were first defined by von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944. In this paper, we examine the use of game trees for representing Bayesian decision problems. We propose a method for solving game trees using local computation. This method is a special case of a method due to Wilson for computing equilibria in 2-person games. Game trees differ from decision trees in the representations of information constraints and uncertainty. We compare the game tree representation and solution technique with other techniques for decision analysis such as decision trees, influence diagrams, and valuation networks.
2004-12-19
2004-12-19
1998-04
Article
Shenoy, P. P., "Game Trees for Decision Analysis," Theory and Decision, Vol. 44, No. 2, April 1998, pp. 149--171.
0040-5833
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/173
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
Kluwer Academic Publishers
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/9032018-05-08T20:50:00Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
On the plausibility transformation method for translating belief function models to probability models
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Plausibility transformation
Pignistic transformation method
In this paper, we propose the plausibility transformation method for translating Dempster-Shafer (D-S) belief function models to probability models, and describe some
of its properties. There are many other transformation methods used in the literature for translating belief function models to probability models. We argue that the plausibility transformation method produces probability models that are consistent with D-S semantics of belief function models, and that, in some examples, the pignistic transformation method produces results that appear to be inconsistent with Dempster’s rule of combination.
2006-04-13T18:44:37Z
2006-04-13T18:44:37Z
2006-04
Article
Cobb, B. R., and P. P. Shenoy, "On the plausibility transformation method for translating belief function models to probability models," International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 41, No. 3, April 2006, pp. 314--330.
0888-613X
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/903
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/185152019-04-12T14:40:09Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Practical Aspects of Solving Hybrid Bayesian Networks Containing Deterministic Conditionals
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Rumi, Rafael
Salmeron, Antonio
This is the author's final draft. Copyright 2015 Wiley
In this paper we discuss some practical issues that arise in solv-
ing hybrid Bayesian networks that include deterministic conditionals
for continuous variables. We show how exact inference can become
intractable even for small networks, due to the di culty in handling
deterministic conditionals (for continuous variables). We propose some
strategies for carrying out the inference task using mixtures of polyno-
mials and mixtures of truncated exponentials. Mixtures of polynomials
can be de ned on hypercubes or hyper-rhombuses. We compare these
two methods. A key strategy is to re-approximate large potentials
with potentials consisting of fewer pieces and lower degrees/number
of terms. We discuss several methods for re-approximating potentials.
We illustrate our methods in a practical application consisting of solv-
ing a stochastic PERT network.
2015-09-25T20:08:26Z
2015-09-25T20:08:26Z
2015-03
Article
Shenoy, Prakash P., Rafael Rumí, and Antonio Salmerón. "Practical Aspects of Solving Hybrid Bayesian Networks Containing Deterministic Conditionals." International Journal of Intelligent Systems Int. J. Intell. Syst. 30.3 (2014): 265-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.21700.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/18515
10.1002/int.21700
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
openAccess
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1582019-04-12T14:35:05Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Modeling Financial Portfolios Using Belief Functions
Shenoy, Catherine
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Portfolio theory
The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate how the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions can be used to model financial portfolios. In particular, we are interested in modeling how a
portfolio return distribution changes as we learn new information about the different factors that impact the portfolio.
2004-12-15T20:25:58Z
2004-12-15T20:25:58Z
2002
Book chapter
Shenoy, C. and P. P. Shenoy (2002), "Modeling Financial Portfolios Using Belief Functions," in R. P. Srivastava and T. J. Mock (eds.), Belief Functions in Business Decisions, pp. 316--332, Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg.
3-7908-1451-2
1434-9922
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/158
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing;Vol. 88
openAccess
Physica-Verlag
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/262882018-07-03T13:49:20Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Representation of Interrelationships among Binary Variables under Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Gao, Lei
Gillett, Peter R.
Interrelationships
Logical relationships
Uncertain relationship
Belief Functions
Dempster-Shafer theory of Belief Functions
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Srivastava, R. P., L. Gao, and P. Gillett. " Representation of Interrelationships among Binary Variables under Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions" (pre-publication version), 2009, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Volume 24 Issue 4, pp. 459 - 475, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/int.20347. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
This paper presents an algorithm for developing models under Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions for categorical and 'uncertain' logical relationships among binary variables. We illustrate the use of the algorithm by developing belief-function representations of the following categorical relationships: 'AND', 'OR', 'Exclusive OR (EOR)' and 'Not Exclusive OR (NEOR)', and 'AND-NEOR' and of the following uncertain relationships: 'Discounted AND', 'Conditional OR', and 'Weighted Average'. Such representations are needed to fully model and analyze a problem with a network of interrelated variables under Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions. In addition, we compare our belief-function representation of the 'Weighted Average' relationship with the 'Weighted Average' representation developed and used by Shenoy and Shenoy8. We find that Shenoy and Shenoy representation of the weighted average relationship is an approximation and yields significantly different values under certain conditions.
2018-04-07T02:03:06Z
2018-04-07T02:03:06Z
2008-03-18
Article
Srivastava, R. P., L. Gao, and P. Gillett. " Representation of Interrelationships among Binary Variables under Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions" (pre-publication version), 2009, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Volume 24 Issue 4, pp. 459 - 475.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/26288
10.1002/int.20347
openAccess
Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101002019-04-12T14:32:24Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Familiarity and Its Impact on Consumer Decision Biases and Heuristics
Park, C. Whan
Lessig, V. Parker
The impact of familiarity on consumer decision biases and heuristics is examined. Subjects at three different familiarity levels revealed interesting differences in perceptual category breadth, usage of functional and nonfunctional product dimensions, decision time, and confidence.
2012-09-17T19:33:37Z
2012-09-17T19:33:37Z
1981-09
Article
Park, C. Whan and Lessig, V. Parker. (1981) Familiarity and Its Impact on Consumer Decision Biases and Heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 2, 223-230.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10100
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2488834
openAccess
University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177702019-04-12T14:53:18Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Positive Affect, Intertemporal Choice, and Levels of Thinking: Increasing Consumers' Willingness to Wait
Pyone, Jin Seok
Isen, Alice M.
Intertemporal choice
Self-control
Positive affect
Cognitive flexibility
Construal level
Action identification
Time perspective
This is the publisher version. Copyright 2011 by American Marketing Association.
Six studies examine the influence of positive affect on self-control in intertemporal choice (consumers' willingness to wait for desired rewards) and the cognitive processes underlying this effect. Two studies measure participants' levels of thinking in two different ways, showing that positive affect can promote forward-looking, high-level thinking. Two studies using a delay-of-gratification paradigm demonstrate this forward-looking thinking and show it to be a mindful process. Participants in positive (vs. neutral) affect were more likely to choose a larger mail-in rebate over a smaller instant rebate when the reward differences were moderate (but not when they were small). Two studies demonstrate the impact of positive affect on intertemporal preference in another way, showing that participants in positive affect do not discount the value of delayed outcomes as much as people in neutral affect do (decreased present bias). Together, the results indicate that positive affect promotes cognitive flexibility and fosters a higher level of thinking and a more future-oriented time perspective, without obscuring practical considerations and other needed detail, including context and opportunity costs, when evaluating intertemporal options.
2015-05-15T16:24:47Z
2015-05-15T16:24:47Z
2011-06
Article
Pyone, Jin Seok, and Alice M. Isen. "Positive Affect, Intertemporal Choice, and Levels of Thinking: Increasing Consumers' Willingness to Wait." PsycEXTRA Dataset (2009): n. pag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.3.532.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17770
dx: 10.1509/jmkr.48.3.532
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/307232021-02-01T13:29:01Zcom_1808_7165com_1808_60col_1808_7166col_1808_132
Introduction to Supply Chain and Operations Management – A Real World Perspective
Walden, Joseph L.
Supply chain management
Operations management
Business logistics
Business management
This project was funded by KU Libraries’ Parent’s Campaign with support from the David Shulenburger Office of Scholarly Communication & Copyright and the Open Educational Resources Working Group in the University of Kansas Libraries.
This textbook looks at operations management and supply chain management from a real world perspective. The foundations of operations and supply chain are presented in a format that builds upon the theories found in most operations management texts but looks at the applications of the principles through the lens of experience and practice using examples from over 40 years as a practitioner, strategic planner and consultant. The goal of the textbook is to supplement lectures and discussions about operations and supply chain management while linking the topics to other disciplines within a business environment. The topics are grouped based on the Supply Chain Council’s Supply Chain Operations Reference Model core functions.
2020-09-04T14:52:18Z
2020-09-04T14:52:18Z
2020-09-01
Learning Object
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/30723
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
openAccess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
University of Kansas Libraries
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100872019-04-12T14:41:40Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Diversification in a Three-Moment World
Simkowitz, Michael A.
Beedles, William L.
© Cambridge University Press 1979
2012-09-13T19:50:24Z
2012-09-13T19:50:24Z
1978-12
Article
Simkowitz, Michael A., William L. Beedles (1978), "Diversification In a Three-Moment World," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 13 (5), 927-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2330635
0022-1090
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10087
10.2307/2330635
en_US
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/256202017-12-08T09:02:37Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Partially linear additive quantile regression in ultra-high dimension
Sherwood, Ben
Wang, Lan
We consider a flexible semiparametric quantile regression model for analyzing high dimensional heterogeneous data. This model has several appealing features: (1) By considering different conditional quantiles, we may obtain a more complete picture of the conditional distribution of a response variable given high dimensional covariates. (2) The sparsity level is allowed to be different at different quantile levels. (3) The partially linear additive structure accommodates nonlinearity and circumvents the curse of dimensionality. (4) It is naturally robust to heavy-tailed distributions. In this paper, we approximate the nonlinear components using B-spline basis functions. We first study estimation under this model when the nonzero components are known in advance and the number of covariates in the linear part diverges. We then investigate a nonconvex penalized estimator for simultaneous variable selection and estimation. We derive its oracle property for a general class of nonconvex penalty functions in the presence of ultra-high dimensional covariates under relaxed conditions. To tackle the challenges of nonsmooth loss function, nonconvex penalty function and the presence of nonlinear components, we combine a recently developed convex-differencing method with modern empirical process techniques. Monte Carlo simulations and an application to a microarray study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We also discuss how the method for a single quantile of interest can be extended to simultaneous variable selection and estimation at multiple quantiles.
2017-12-07T22:46:26Z
2017-12-07T22:46:26Z
2016
Article
Sherwood, Ben; Wang, Lan. Partially linear additive quantile regression in ultra-high dimension. Ann. Statist. 44 (2016), no. 1, 288--317. doi:10.1214/15-AOS1367. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/1449755964
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/25620
10.1214/15-AOS1367
openAccess
© Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2016
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110212019-04-12T14:42:09Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
A Dynamic Model of the Choice of Mode for Exploiting Complementary Capabilities
Chi, Tailan
Seth, Anju
Market entry mode
Alliances and Joint Ventures
Absorptive Capacity
Transaction Cost
Real options
Dynamic programming
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2008.65
This paper examines the choice of mode for an MNC and a local firm to exploit their complementary capabilities. We develop a combined real options and game-theoretic model of modal choice by incorporating a range of factors drawn from the dynamic capabilities theory and transaction cost or organizational economics. The factors scrutinized in the model include the parties’ absorptive capacities, frictions in knowledge and asset markets and associated incentive problems, cost of switching from one mode to another and cost associated with power-jockeying. The model uses simulation to examine how these factors interact to influence the choice of mode. The results identify a number of conditions for one factor to dominate another and help to reconcile different theories that have made contradicting predictions with regard to the effects of such factors as uncertainty and capability divergence on the optimal choice of mode.
2013-04-15T18:11:07Z
2013-04-15T18:11:07Z
2009
Article
Chi, Tailan. (2009) A Dynamic Model of the Choice of Mode for Exploiting Complementary Capabilities. Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (3), 365-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2008.65
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11021
10.1057/jibs.2008.65
en
openAccess
Palgrave Macmillan
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/318712021-08-24T08:00:46Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Managing Television Commercial Inventory under Competition: An Equilibrium Analysis
Geng, Qin
Mallik, Suman
Game Theory
Inventory Management
Television networks
Uncertainty
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Geng, Q. and Mallik, S. (2019), Managing Television Commercial Inventory under Competition: An Equilibrium Analysis. Decision Sciences, 50: 170-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12317, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12317. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
We develop a game theoretic model for managing prime time on-air ad inventory in the television industry. The ad inventory in this industry is priced based on rating points or the number of viewers that watch a commercial. The rating points are sold through two distinct processes: the upfront, which occurs before the broadcast season, and the scatter, which occurs throughout during the broadcast season. Television networks need to allocate their total rating points inventory to these two markets before knowing either the performance rating of their shows or the scatter market price, both of which are ex ante uncertain. The television networks offer performance guarantees on the inventory that is sold in the upfront market while such guarantees are not offered in the scatter market. We consider the inventory competition between two television networks under such a setting. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first article to consider competition in media revenue management. We establish the existence of unique Nash equilibrium under quantity competition and describe the sensitivity of the equilibrium outcome with respect to various problem parameters. We show that choosing quantity over price during the upfront is a dominant strategy for a television network. We compare our competitive model with a centralized system and discuss the managerial implications for our work.
2021-08-23T21:53:55Z
2021-08-23T21:53:55Z
2018-06-28
Article
Geng, Q. and Mallik, S. (2019), Managing Television Commercial Inventory under Competition: An Equilibrium Analysis. Decision Sciences, 50: 170-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12317
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/31871
10.1111/deci.12317
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-6843
openAccess
© 2018 Decision Sciences Institute
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1552018-05-08T20:37:12Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
A Comparison of Methods for Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Pignistic transformation method
Plausibility transformation method
Transforming belief function models to probability models
This 12-pp paper is extracted from a longer unpublished working paper: "On Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models," School of Business Working Paper No. 293, July 2003, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
Recently, we proposed a new method called the plausibility transformation method to convert a belief function model to an equivalent probability model. In this paper, we compare the plausibility
transformation method with the pignistic transformation method. The two transformation methods yield qualitatively di®erent probability
models. We argue that the plausibility transformation method is the correct method for translating a belief function model to an equivalent probability model that maintains belief function semantics.
2004-12-15T16:44:13Z
2004-12-15T16:44:13Z
2003-07
Book chapter
Cobb, B. R. and P. P. Shenoy (2003), "A Comparison of Methods for Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models," in T. D. Nielsen and N. L. Zhang (eds.), Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence No. 2711, pp. 255--266, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
3-540-40494-5
0302-9743
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/155
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence;No. 2711
openAccess
Springer-Verlag
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/175542019-04-12T14:51:46Zcom_1808_5894com_1808_60col_1808_7025col_1808_132
What Can Happen When Business And Language Faculty Cooperate Across An Ocean
Bryant, Michael
Karney, Dennis F.
Vigier, Mary
This is the publisher's version. Copyright 2010 by the Clute Institute.
Management schools are expected to educate future professionals with the necessary skills to operate successfully in a global business environment. In this paper, the authors analyze and reflect on an experiment in interdisciplinary cooperation undertaken by business faculty at a US university and language faculty at a French School of Management. The common focus of this project has been on experiential skills development of future managers through the integration of business content, culture and language. The findings point to the crucial role that faculty play in facilitating the internationalization of the learning experience for business students.
2015-05-01T17:13:12Z
2015-05-01T17:13:12Z
2010-11
Article
Bryant, Michael, Dennis F. Karney, and Mary Vigor. "What Can Happen When Business And Language Faculty Cooperate Across An Ocean." American Journal of Business Education 3.11 (2010): 119-30. Web. 1 May 2015. http://www.cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/AJBE/article/view/70.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17554
http://www.cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/AJBE/article/view/70
openAccess
Clute Institute
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/9972020-10-12T14:43:27Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Inference in Hybrid Bayesian Networks Using Mixtures of Gaussians
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Hybrid Bayesian networks
Inference
Conditional linear gaussian models
Mixtures of gaussians
The main goal of this paper is to describe a method for exact inference in general hybrid Bayesian networks (BNs) (with a mixture of discrete and continuous chance variables). Our method consists of approximating general hybrid Bayesian networks by a mixture of Gaussians
(MoG) BNs. There exists a fast algorithm by Lauritzen-Jensen (LJ) for making exact inferences in MoG Bayesian networks, and there exists a commercial implementation of this algorithm. However, this algorithm can only be
used for MoG BNs. Some limitations of such networks are as follows. All continuous chance variables must have conditional linear Gaussian distributions, and discrete chance nodes cannot have continuous parents. The methods described in this paper will enable us to use the LJ algorithm for a bigger class of hybrid Bayesian
networks. This includes networks with continuous chance nodes with non-Gaussian distributions, networks with no restrictions on the topology of discrete and continuous
variables, networks with conditionally deterministic variables that are a nonlinear function of their continuous parents, and networks with continuous chance variables
whose variances are functions of their parents.
2006-07-14T10:12:08Z
2006-07-14T10:12:08Z
2006-07
Article
Shenoy, P. P., "Inference in hybrid Bayesian networks using mixtures of Gaussians," in R. Dechter and T. Richardson (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference (UAI-06), 2006, pp. 428--436, AUAI Press, Corvallis, OR.
0-9749039-2-2
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/997
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
AUAI Press, Corvallis, OR
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1432019-04-12T14:36:20Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_7165com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_7166col_1808_132
Local Computation in Hypertrees
Shafer, Glenn R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Local computation
Bayesian networks
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Constraint satisfaction
Dynamic programming
Discrete optimization
This is an unpublished monograph that was widely distributed (and cited). It was first written in August 1988 and subseqently revised.
The monograph describes theory and algorithms for computation of marginals using local computation that applies to a large number of domains including probability theory, Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions, discrete optimization, and constraint satisfaction.
2004-12-13T21:49:48Z
2004-12-13T21:49:48Z
1991-07
Book
Working Paper
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/143
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
School of Business Working Paper;No. 201
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/318702021-08-24T08:00:44Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals
Paul, Anand
Rajapakshe, Tharanga
Mallik, Suman
Contracts design
Perishable goods
Blood supply chain
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Paul, A., Rajapakshe, T. and Mallik, S. (2019), Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals. Prod Oper Manag, 28: 908-932. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12960, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12960. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
Motivated by the operational challenges faced by a Regional Blood Bank (RBB) in distributing the blood (and related products) among the hospitals in its service area, we study socially optimal contracting decisions of an RBB serving multiple hospitals. The supply of blood can be uncertain and insufficient to satisfy the total orders from hospitals. In the face of supply uncertainty, hospitals tend to over-order to compensate for a potential supply shortfall. When all hospitals inflate their order quantities, overall allocation of blood suffers and ultimately inflates the total cost of blood, which in turn lightens the wallets of patients. We model the blood bank as a social planner with the objective of minimizing the total cost of shortages and outdates throughout the supply chain. We assume hospitals need some economic incentive to report demand honestly when multiple hospitals compete for limited blood supply. We show that if the blood bank offers a suitable per unit subsidy for every unit of shortage experienced by a hospital, then hospitals would be induced to report demand to the blood bank without inflation. We also investigate whether or not a consignment contract can be consistent with uninflated ordering by hospitals. Finally, we perform a detailed numerical study based on real demand and supply data to investigate the impact of over-ordering by hospitals on shortages and outdates in the supply chain, and the role of the appropriate contracts and allocation policies in obviating the concomitant social costs.
2021-08-23T21:47:06Z
2021-08-23T21:47:06Z
2018-10-20
Article
Paul, A., Rajapakshe, T. and Mallik, S. (2019), Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals. Prod Oper Manag, 28: 908-932. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12960
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/31870
10.1111/poms.12960
openAccess
© 2018 Production and Operations Management Society
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100812019-04-12T14:32:12Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Theoretical investigation of energy-trapping mechanism by atomic systems
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
© 1978 The American Physical Society
The theoretical results are presented here in detail for the atomic device proposed earlier by the author. This device absorbs energy from a continuous radiation source and stores some of it with atoms in metastable states for a long time without any loss. At a later time, when the energy is required, the system can be "triggered" by an external perturbing field to release the energy in the form of a strong pulse of radiation.
2012-09-13T17:02:35Z
2012-09-13T17:02:35Z
1978-06
Article
Srivastava, Rajendra P. (1978), "Theoretical investigation of energy-trapping mechanism by atomic systems," Physical Review A, 17 (6), 1976-1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.17.1976
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10081
10.1103/PhysRevA.17.1976
en_US
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.17.1976
openAccess
American Physical Society
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1412018-12-17T17:19:30Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Design and Applications of an Intelligent Financial Reporting and Auditing Agent with Net Knowledge (FRAANK)
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Bovee, Matthew
Kogan, Alexander
Nelson, Kay M.
Vasarhelyi, Miklos
This paper discusses the use of intelligent Internet agents as essential tools for automating financial analysis functions in the virtual world. Several important characteristic features of intelligent agents are discussed, including autonomy, communication ability, collaboration, and mobility. This paper focuses on developing a new intelligent agent called FRAANK – Financial Reporting and Auditing Agent with Net Knowledge. The prototype of FRAANK described in this paper provides intelligent access to, and processing and integration of rapidly changing financial information available from various sources on the Internet. FRAANK is an example of an agent that provides a value-added service that can be used for extracting data from natural text financial statements and converting them into XBRL-tagged statements, can potentially be utilized in an auditing practice, or used by investors and creditors in making their decisions.
2004-12-10T11:43:01Z
2004-12-10T11:43:01Z
2002
Article
Kogan, Alexander, Kay Nelson, Rajendra P. Srivastava, Miklos A. Vasarhelyi, Matthew Bovee. Design and Applications of an Intelligent Financial Reporting and Auditing Agent with Net Knowledge (FRAANK), 2002.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/141
en_US
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110232019-04-12T14:45:03Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Political Institutional Change, Obsolescing Legitimacy, and Multinational Corporations: The Case of the Central American Banana Industry
Bucheli, Marcelo
Kim, Min-Young
Obsolescing legitimacy
Political integration
Institutional change
Vertical integration
Political risk
foreign direct investment
Central America
12 month Embargo (expires Dec 1st, 2013). This is the author final draft. The published version may be found here:http://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-012-0141-4
This paper studies the practice of integration of influential host country actors to a multinational corporation as a strategy to decrease problems of legitimacy to the foreign firm before the host country’s society.
By developing the concept of obsolescing legitimacy, we argue that this strategy provides legitimacy to the foreign firm only in the absence of institutional changes at the macro-political level in the host country. Once these changes take place, an alliance by the multinational to an elite or a political system no longer ruling the host country will become a liability and will generate problems of legitimacy for the multinational.
We illustrate our argument with the case of the US multinational United Fruit Company in Central America.
2013-04-15T19:45:22Z
2013-12-05T13:10:03Z
2012-12
Article
Kim, Minyoung. (2012) Political Institutional Change, Obsolescing Legitimacy, and Multinational Corporations: The Case of the Central America Banana Industry. Management International Review, 52 (6), 847-877. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-012-0141-4
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11023
10.1007/s11575-012-0141-4
en_US
openAccess
Springer Verlag
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1442019-04-12T14:36:21Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Axioms for Probability and Belief-Function Propagation
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Shafer, Glenn R.
Axioms
Local computation
Probability
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
This article was reprinted in G. Shafer and J. Pearl (eds.), Readings in Uncertain Reasoning, 1990, pp. 575-610, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA. Also, a condensed 8-pp version of this paper appeared in the Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence in 1988.
In this paper, we describe an abstract framework and axioms under which exact local computation of marginals is possible. The primitive objects of the framework are variables and valuations. The
primitive operators of the framework are combination and marginalization. These operate on valuations. We state three axioms for these operators and we derive the possibility of local computation from the axioms. Next, we describe a propagation scheme for computing marginals of a valuation when we have a factorization of the valuation on a hypertree. Finally we show how the problem of computing marginals of joint probability distributions and joint belief functions fits the general framework
2004-12-13T22:17:06Z
2004-12-13T22:17:06Z
1990
Book chapter
In R. D. Shachter, T. S. Levitt, L. N. Kanal and J. F. Lemmer (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 4, 1990, 169--198, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
0 444 88650 8
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/144
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
Machine Intelligence and Pattern Recognition;Volume 9
openAccess
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177722018-12-20T20:04:45Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Assessing Value in Organizational Knowledge Creation: Considerations for Knowledge Workers
Chen, Andrew N. K.
Edgington, Theresa M.
Knowledge management
Knowledge creation
Organizational dynamics
Task characteristics
Organizational theory
Economic theory
Simulation
This is the published version. Copyright 2005 MIS Quarterly.
To maintain competitive advantage, a firm's investment decisions related to knowledge creation are likely to be strategic in nature. However, strategic investments usually have an element of risk linked to uncertain and deferred investment benefits. To date, such investment decisions relating to knowledge workers have not been extensively researched. In this paper, we explore the following research question: How do we strategically assess knowledge creation over time giving consideration to complex decision criteria in order to improve organizational value? We develop a model based on economic and organization theory for assessing organizational value with regard to knowledge creation investments. Our model prototype provides managers with a learning tool relating to the timing and selection of knowledge creation investments. Our own use of the tool in simulation experiments yielded several insights which suggest that the decisions typically made by managers may dilute knowledge creation investments. Our results demonstrate that the organizational benefit of knowledge creation processes should be well aligned with near-term tasks. Under instances of high knowledge depreciation, however, it is unlikely that individual workers can optimize knowledge creation process decisions without organizational involvement in matching skills to task complexities. The organizational benefits of consistent and frequent knowledge creation process participation increase over time as the match of skills and task complexities improve.
2015-05-15T18:26:43Z
2015-05-15T18:26:43Z
2005
Article
Chen, Andrew NK, and Theresa M. Edgington. "Assessing Value in Organizational Knowledge Creation: Considerations for Knowledge Workers." MIS Quarterly 29.2 (2005): 279-309. Web. 15 May 2015.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17772
http://misq.org/assessing-value-in-organizational-knowledge-creation-considerations-for-knowledge-workers.html?SID=1id7uktoj83jvh226etg3j3a03
openAccess
MIS Quarterly
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101672019-04-12T14:30:07Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
The Stock Market and Early Antitrust Enforcement
Bittlingmayer, George
Journal of Law and Economics © 1993 The University of Chicago
2012-10-05T18:01:09Z
2012-10-05T18:01:09Z
1983-04
Article
Bittlingmayer, Geroge (1993), "The Stock Market and Early Antitrust Enforcement," Journal of Law and Economics, 36 (1), 1-32.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10167
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/725432
openAccess
The University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/87692019-04-12T14:43:33Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Structural Models and Endogeneity in Corporate Finance: The Link Between Managerial Ownership and Corporate Performance
Coles, Jeffrey L.
Lemmon, Michael L.
Meschke, Felix
Corporate governance
Managerial ownership
Executive compensation
Corporate performance
Structural model
Endogeneity
NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Financial
Economics. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 103, Issue 1, January 2012. DOI:10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.04.002.
This paper presents a parsimonious, structural model that isolates primary economic determinants of
the level and dispersion of managerial ownership, firm scale, and performance and the empirical
associations among them. In particular, variation across firms and through time of estimated
productivity parameters for physical assets and managerial input and corresponding variation in optimal
compensation contract and firm size combine to deliver the well-known hump-shaped relation between
Tobin's Q and managerial ownership. To assess the effectiveness of standard econometric approaches to
the endogeneity problem, we apply those remedies to panel data generated from the model. The
unfortunate conclusion is that, at least in the ownership-performance context, proxy variables, fixed
effects, and instrumental variables do not generally provide reliable solutions to simultaneity bias.
Note: Previously titled "Structural Models and Endogeneity in Corporate FinanceStructural Models and
Endogeneity in Corporate Finance: The Link Between Managerial Ownership and Corporate
Performance"
2012-02-27T17:41:47Z
2012-02-27T17:41:47Z
2012-01
Article
Jeffrey L. Coles, Michael L. Lemmon, J. Felix Meschke, Structural models and endogeneity in corporate
finance: The link between managerial ownership and corporate performance, Journal of Financial
Economics, Volume 103, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 149-168, ISSN 0304-405X, 10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.04.002.
0304-405X
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/8769
10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.04.002
en_US
http://ssrn.com/abstract=423510 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.423510
openAccess
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/176122018-05-07T19:00:21Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Managing Business-to-Business Customer Relationships Following Key Contact Employee Turnover in a Vendor Firm
Bendapudi, Neeli
Leone, Robert P.
This is the published version. Copyright 2002 by the American Marketing Association.
Customers form relationships with the employees who serve them as well as with the vendor firms these employees represent. In many cases, a customer’s relationship with an employee who is closest to them, a key contact employee, may be stronger than the customer’s relationship with the vendor firm. If the key contact employee is no longer available to serve that customer, the vendor firm’s relationship with the customer may become vulnerable. In this article, the authors present the results of two studies that examine what business-to-business customers value in their relationships with key contact employees, what customers’ concerns are when a favored key contact employee is no longer available to serve them, and what vendor firms can do to alleviate these concerns and to retain employee knowledge even if they cannot retain the employee in that position. The studies are based on a discovery-oriented approach and integrate input from business-to-business customers, key contact employees, and managers from a broad cross-section of companies to develop testable propositions. The authors discuss managerial and theoretical implications and directions for further research.
2015-05-05T21:16:26Z
2015-05-05T21:16:26Z
2002-04
Article
Bendapudi, Neeli, and Robert P. Leone. "Managing Business-to-Business Customer Relationships Following Key Contact Employee Turnover in a Vendor Firm." Journal of Marketing 66.2 (2002): 83-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.2.83.18476.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17612
10.1509/jmkg.66.2.83.18476
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/7572018-07-24T18:28:39Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Sequential valuation networks for asymmetric decision problems
Demirer, Riza
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Decision analysis
Sequential decision diagrams
Valuation networks
Asymmetric decision problems
Influence diagrams
This paper deals with representation and solution of asymmetric decision problems. We describe a new representation called sequential valuation networks that is a hybrid of Covaliu and Oliver’s sequential decision diagrams and Shenoy’s valuation networks. The solution algorithm is based on the idea of decomposing a large asymmetric problem into smaller sub-problems and then using the fusion algorithm of valuation networks to solve the sub-problems. Sequential valuation networks inherit many of the strengths of sequential decision diagrams and valuation networks while overcoming many of their shortcomings. We illustrate our technique by representing and solving a modified version of Covaliu and Oliver’s [Manage. Sci. 41(12) (1995) 1860] Reactor problem in complete detail.
2005-10-26T02:41:20Z
2005-10-26T02:41:20Z
2006-02-16
Article
Demirer, R. and P. P. Shenoy, "Sequential valuation networks for asymmetric decision problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 169, No. 1, 2006, pp. 286--309
0377-2217
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/757
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1840-8085
en
openAccess
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/176032019-04-12T14:52:32Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Do Payment Mechanisms Change the Way Consumers Perceive Products?
Chatterjee, Promothesh
Rose, Randall L.
This is the published version. Copyright 2012 by Journal of Consumer Research.
Do payment mechanisms change the way consumers perceive products? We argue that consumers for whom credit cards (cash) have been primed focus more on benefits (costs) when evaluating a product. In study 1, credit card (cash) primed participants made more (fewer) recall errors regarding cost attributes. In a word recognition task (study 2), participants primed with credit card (cash) identified more words related to benefits (costs) than those in the cash (credit card) condition. In study 3, participants in the credit card (cash) condition responded faster to benefits (costs) than to costs (benefits). This differential focus led credit card primed consumers to express higher reservation prices (studies 1-3) and also affected their product choices (study 4) relative to those primed with cash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
2015-05-05T20:46:33Z
2015-05-05T20:46:33Z
2012-04
Article
Chatterjee, Promothesh, and Randall L. Rose. "Do Payment Mechanisms Change the Way Consumers Perceive Products?" Journal of Consumer Research 38.6 (2012): 1129-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/661730.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17603
dx: 10.1086/661730
openAccess
Journal of Consumer Research
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/9892019-04-12T14:29:40Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
On Walley's Combination Rule for Statistical Evidence
Cinicioglu, Esma N.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Walley's rule of combination
Dempster's rule of combination
Partially consonant belief functions
Dempster’s rule of combination is the commonly used rule for combining independent belief functions. In 1987,
Peter Walley proposed an alternative rule for combining belief function representations of independent statistical
evidence that result in partially consonant belief functions. In this paper, we examine in detail Walley’s combination
rule and compare it with Dempster’s rule. We illustrate the commonalities and differences between the two rules using a simple coin tossing example. Also, we characterize the class of partially consonant belief functions. Finally we show that if we reduce a belief function to a probability distribution using the plausibility transformation, the two combination rules result in the same probability distribution function.
2006-07-03T06:41:35Z
2006-07-03T06:41:35Z
2006-07
Article
Cinicioglu, E. N. and P. P. Shenoy, "On Walley's combination rule for statistical evidence," in Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems (IPMU-06), July 2006, Les Cordeliers, Paris, pp. 386--394.
2-84254-112-X
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/989
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-495X
en
openAccess
Éditions E.D.K., 33, rue Bezout, 75014 Paris
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/7582018-07-12T15:43:16Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Decision making on the sole basis of statistical likelihood
Giang, Phan H.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Decision theory
Likelihood
Statistical inference
Ambiguity attitude
This paper presents a new axiomatic decision theory for choice under uncertainty. Unlike Bayesian decision theory where uncertainty is represented by a probability function, in our theory, uncertainty is given in the form of a likelihood function extracted from statistical evidence. The likelihood principle in statistics stipulates that likelihood functions encode all relevant information obtainable from experimental data. In particular, we do not assume any knowledge of prior probabilities. Consequently, a Bayesian conversion of likelihoods to posterior probabilities is not possible in our setting. We make an assumption that defines the likelihood of a set of hypotheses as the maximum likelihood over the elements of the set. We justify an axiomatic system similar to that used by von Neumann and Morgenstern for choice under risk. Our main result is a representation theorem using the new concept of binary utility. We also discuss how ambiguity attitudes are handled. Applied to the statistical inference problem, our theory suggests a novel solution. The results in this paper could be useful for probabilistic model selection.
2005-10-27T21:13:11Z
2005-10-27T21:13:11Z
2005-07
Article
Giang, P. H. and Shenoy, P. P., "Decision making on the sole basis of statistical likelihood," Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 165, No. 2, 2005, pp. 137--163
0004-3702
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/758
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177872019-04-12T14:49:39Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Unions and the Adoption of High Performance Work Systems: Does Employment Security Play a Role?
Liu, Wenchuan
Guthrie, James P.
Flood, Patrick C.
Maccurtain, Sarah
This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://ilr.sagepub.com.
Previous research on the association between unionization and the adoption of high performance work systems (HPWSs) has yielded inconsistent results. Using data from a 2004 multi-industry survey of firms operating in the Republic of Ireland, the authors examine the relationship between employee union membership rates and relative use of HPWSs. They also test arguments that employment security may affect the receptiveness of unions to such HR practices. The results indicate that as union representation increased, there was a significant decrease in the use of high performance work systems. Evidence also suggests that providing employment security significantly ameliorated this negative impact.
2015-05-18T14:37:12Z
2015-05-18T14:37:12Z
2009-10-01
Article
Liu, Wenchuan; Guthrie, James P.; Flood, Patrick C.; Maccurtain, Sarah. (2009). "Unions and the Adoption of High Performance Work Systems: Does Employment Security Play a Role?." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 63(1):109-127. http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/63/1/109.abstract.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17787
http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/63/1/109.abstract
openAccess
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/337502023-02-08T09:01:13Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Discovery of associative patterns between workplace sound level and physiological wellbeing using wearable devices and empirical Bayes modeling
Srinivasan, Karthik
Currim, Faiz
Lindberg, Casey M.
Razjouyan, Javad
Gilligan, Brian
Lee, Hyoki
Canada, Kelli J.
Goebel, Nicole
Mehl, Matthias R.
Lunden, Melissa M.
Heerwagen, Judith
Najafi, Bijan
Sternberg, Esther M.
Kampschroer, Kevin
Ram, Sudha
Interdisciplinary studies
Neurophysiology
Statistics
Technology
We conducted a field study using multiple wearable devices on 231 federal office workers to assess the impact of the indoor environment on individual wellbeing. Past research has established that the workplace environment is closely tied to an individual’s wellbeing. Since sound is the most-reported environmental factor causing stress and discomfort, we focus on quantifying its association with physiological wellbeing. Physiological wellbeing is represented as a latent variable in an empirical Bayes model with heart rate variability measures—SDNN and normalized-HF as the observed outcomes and with exogenous factors including sound level as inputs. We find that an individual’s physiological wellbeing is optimal when sound level in the workplace is at 50 dBA. At lower (<50dBA) and higher (>50dBA) amplitude ranges, a 10 dBA increase in sound level is related to a 5.4% increase and 1.9% decrease in physiological wellbeing respectively. Age, body-mass-index, high blood pressure, anxiety, and computer use intensive work are person-level factors contributing to heterogeneity in the sound-wellbeing association.
2023-02-07T15:19:26Z
2023-02-07T15:19:26Z
2023-01-13
Article
Srinivasan, K., Currim, F., Lindberg, C.M. et al. Discovery of associative patterns between workplace sound level and physiological wellbeing using wearable devices and empirical Bayes modeling. npj Digit. Med. 6, 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00727-1
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/33750
10.1038/s41746-022-00727-1
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-6190
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0320-8101
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
openAccess
© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Nature Research
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101152019-04-12T14:44:41Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis
Oberholzer-Gee, Felix
Strumpf, Koleman
For industries ranging from software to pharmaceuticals and entertainment,
there is an intense debate about the appropriate level of
protection for intellectual property. The Internet provides a natural
crucible to assess the implications of reduced protection because it
drastically lowers the cost of copying information. In this paper, we
analyze whether file sharing has reduced the legal sales of music. While
this question is receiving considerable attention in academia, industry,
and Congress, we are the first to study the phenomenon employing
data on actual downloads of music files.We match an extensive sample
of downloads to U.S. sales data for a large number of albums. To
establish causality, we instrument for downloads using data on international
school holidays. Downloads have an effect on sales that is
statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our estimates are inconsistent
We would like to thank Bharat Anand, Gary Becker, Bob Frank, Shane Greenstein,
Austan Goolsbee, Alan Krueger, Steven Levitt, Tom Mroz, Alan Sorensen, Joel Waldfogel,
Steven Wildman, Pai-Ling Yin, participants at numerous seminars, and two anonymous
referees for helpful comments. This project would not have been possible without the
assistance of several individuals and organizations. MixMasterFlame and the FlameNap
network shared P2P data with us, and BigChampagne LLC, the CMJ Network, Nathaniel
Leibowitz, and Nevil Brownlee generously provided auxiliary data. We thank Keith Ross
and David Weekly for assistance in understanding the KaZaA, OpenNap, and WinMX
search protocols and database indices. Sarah Woolverton and Christina Hsiung Chen
provided superb research assistance. The financial support of the George F. Baker Foundation
(Oberholzer-Gee) and the Kenan Faculty Fund (Strumpf) is gratefully acknowledged.
We appreciated the aural support from Massive Attack, Sigur Ros, and the Mountain
Goats.
2012-09-18T19:09:19Z
2012-09-18T19:09:19Z
2007
Article
Oberholzer-Gee, Felix. Strumpf, Koleman. (2007) The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, vol 115 (1), 1-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511995
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10115
10.1086/511995
en_US
openAccess
The University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100842019-04-12T14:46:54Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Modifiable combining functions
Cohen, Paul R.
Shafer, Glenn R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
© Cambridge University Press 1987
Modifiable combining functions are a synthesis of two common approaches to combining evidence. They offer many of the advantages of these approaches and avoid some disadvantages. Because they facilitate the acquisition, representation, explanation, and modification of knowledge about combinations of evidence, they are proposed as a tool for knowledge engineers who build systems that reason under uncertainty, not as a normative theory of evidence.
2012-09-13T18:00:17Z
2012-09-13T18:00:17Z
1987-02
Article
Cohen, Paul R, Glen Shafer, and Prakash P. Shenoy (1987), "Modifiable combining functions," Artificial Intelligence for Engineering, Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 1 (1), 47-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0890060400000147
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10084
10.1017/S0890060400000147
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101012019-04-12T14:32:27Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Students and Housewives: Differences in Susceptibility to Reference Group Influence
Park, C. Whan
Lessig, V. Parker
2012-09-17T20:00:00Z
2012-09-17T20:00:00Z
1977-09
Article
Park, C. Whan. Lessig, V. Parker. (1977) Students and Housewives: Differences in Susceptibility to Reference Group Influence. The Journal of Consumer Research, vol 4, 102-110.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10101
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2488716
openAccess
Univeristy of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/273172018-11-14T09:01:43Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Genome-wide approach identifies a novel gene-maternal pre-pregnancy BMI interaction on preterm birth
Hong, Xiumei
Hao, Ke
Ji, Hongkai
Peng, Shouneng
Sherwood, Ben
Di Narzo, Antonio
Tsai, Hui-Ju
Liu, Xin
Burd, Irina
Wang, Guoying
Ji, Yuelong
Caruso, Deanna
Mao, Guangyun
Bartell, Tami R.
Zhang, Zhongyang
Pearson, Colleen
Heffner, Linda
Cerda, Sandra
Beaty, Terri H.
Fallin, M. Daniele
Lee-Parritz, Aviva
Zuckerman, Barry
Weeks, Daniel E.
Wang, Xiaobin
Preterm birth (PTB) contributes significantly to infant mortality and morbidity with lifelong impact. Few robust genetic factors of PTB have been identified. Such ‘missing heritability’ may be partly due to gene × environment interactions (G × E), which is largely unexplored. Here we conduct genome-wide G × E analyses of PTB in 1,733 African-American women (698 mothers of PTB; 1,035 of term birth) from the Boston Birth Cohort. We show that maternal COL24A1 variants have a significant genome-wide interaction with maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity on PTB risk, with rs11161721 (PG × E=1.8 × 10−8; empirical PG × E=1.2 × 10−8) as the top hit. This interaction is replicated in African-American mothers (PG × E=0.01) from an independent cohort and in meta-analysis (PG × E=3.6 × 10−9), but is not replicated in Caucasians. In adipose tissue, rs11161721 is significantly associated with altered COL24A1 expression. Our findings may provide new insight into the aetiology of PTB and improve our ability to predict and prevent PTB.
2018-11-13T19:28:54Z
2018-11-13T19:28:54Z
2017-06-09
Article
Hong, X., Hao, K., Ji, H., Peng, S., Sherwood, B., Di Narzo, A., ... & Ji, Y. (2017). Genome-wide approach identifies a novel gene-maternal pre-pregnancy BMI interaction on preterm birth. Nature communications, 8, 15608.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/27317
10.1038/ncomms15608
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
openAccess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material.
Nature Research
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100762019-04-12T14:32:17Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
A Protocol Analysis of Brand Choice Strategies Involving Recommendations
Rosen, Dennis L.
Olshavsky, Richard W.
Subjects completed a purchase decision under a computer-controlled laboratory
simulation that enabled acquisition of both attribute-value and recommendation information
from five sources. Analysis of subjects' acquisitions and recorded statements
during the decision process offered support for the existence of unique decision
strategies for situations involving availability of both kinds of information.
Based on the manner in which recommendation information was used, these strategies
were subdivided into (1) a recommendation-forms-evoked-set (RFES) for consideration,
and (2) a recommendation-forms-standard (RFS) for comparison to other
brand alternatives. Differences in strategy use between two product categories
were explored.
2012-09-11T19:39:39Z
2012-09-11T19:39:39Z
1987-12
Article
Rosen, Dennis L, and Richard W. Olshavsky. (1987) A Protocol Analysis of Brand Choice Strategies Involving Recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (3), 440-444.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10076
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489504
openAccess
The University of Kansas
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1842018-05-09T17:36:16Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
A Comparison of Graphical Techniques for Decision Analysis
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Decision theory
Decision trees
Influence diagrams
Valuation networks
Recently, we proposed a new method for representing and solving decision problems based on the framework of valuation-based systems. The new representation is called a valuation network, and the new solution method is called a fusion algorithm. In this paper, we compare valuation networks to decision trees and influence diagrams. We also compare the fusion algorithm to the backward recursion method of decision trees and to the arc-reversal method of influence diagrams.
2004-12-21T21:40:39Z
2004-12-21T21:40:39Z
1994-10-13
Article
Shenoy, P. P., "A Comparison of Graphical Techniques for Decision Analysis," European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 78, Issue 1, 13 October 1994, pp. 1--21.
0377-2217
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/184
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
European Journal of Operational Research
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110122019-04-12T14:42:09Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
Cognitive Limitations and Investment "Myopia"
Chi, Tailan
Fan, Dashan
Cognitive bias
Investment Decision Making
Project management
Stochastic models
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01301.x
Optimization of investment decisions in an uncertain and dynamically evolving
environment is difficult due to the limitations of the decision maker’s cognitive
capacity. Thus, actual investment decisions may deviate from the dynamically
optimal decision rule. This paper investigates how a potential investment rule bias
affects the expected payoff from a project that has an uncertain development time
and an uncertain completion cost. The result shows that the presence of a
potential bias in the adopted decision rule dissipates project value and that the
dissipating effect is greater for a longer-term project if the completion cost is an
increasing function of the time to completion.
2013-04-15T17:35:41Z
2013-04-15T17:35:41Z
1997
Article
Chi, Tailan. (1997) Cognitive Limitations and 'Investment Myopia'. Decision Sciences, 28 (1), 27-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01301.x
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11012
10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01301.x
en
openAccess
Wiley
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/110182019-04-12T14:42:18Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
Product Life Cycle, and Market Entry and Exit Decisions Under Uncertainty
Chi, Tailan
Liu, John
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010901813523
A key characteristic of the product life cycle (PLC) is the depletion of the product’s market potential due to technological obsolescence. Based on this concept, we develop a stochastic model for evaluating market entry and exit decisions during the PLC under uncertainty. The model explicates the conditions for the optimality of a two-threshold policy based on the estimated earnings potential of the product, and can be used by manufacturing firms to assess entry and exit decisions under such conditions. To aid the applications of the model in actual decision situations, we also provide the procedures for computing the exact and approximate values of the two thresholds.
2013-04-15T17:56:48Z
2013-04-15T17:56:48Z
2001
Article
Chi, Tailan. (2001) Product Life Cycle, and Market Entry and Exit Decisions Under Uncertainty. IIE Transactions, 33 (9), 695-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010901813523
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/11018
10.1023/A:1010901813523
en
openAccess
Springer Verlag
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1482018-05-08T20:36:22Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Multistage Monte Carlo Method for Solving Influence Diagrams Using Local Computation
Charnes, John M.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Decision analysis
Approximations
Sequential
Simulation
Applications
Monte carlo methods
Local computation
The initial draft of this article appeared as a School of Business Working Paper No. 273, dated January 1996, and titled "A Forward Monte Carlo Method For Solving Influence Diagrams Using Local Computation." A short version of this Working Paper appeared as "A Forward Monte Carlo Method for Solving Influence Diagrams Using Local Computation," Preliminary Papers of the Sixth International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 75--82, January 1997.
The main goal of this paper is to describe a new multistage Monte Carlo (MMC) simulation method for solving influence diagrams using local computation. Global methods have been proposed by others that sample from the joint probability distribution of all the variables in the influence diagram. However, for influence diagrams having many variables, the state space of all variables grows exponentially, and the sample sizes required for good estimates may be too large to be practical. In this paper, we develop a MMC method, which samples only a small set of chance variables for each decision node in the influence diagram. MMC is akin to methods developed for exact solution of influence diagrams in that we limit the number of chance variables sampled at any time. Because influence diagrams model each chance variable with a conditional probability distribution, the MMC method lends itself well to influence diagram representations.
2004-12-14T19:20:11Z
2004-12-14T19:20:11Z
2004-03
Article
Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 405--418
0025-1909
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/148
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Institute For Operations Research and Management Sciences
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101032019-04-12T14:32:27Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Property Rights, Progress, and the Aircraft Patent Agreement
Bittlingmayer, George
2012-09-17T20:50:13Z
2012-09-17T20:50:13Z
1988-04
Article
Bittlingmayer, George. (1988) Property Rights, Progress, and the Aircraft Patent Agreement. Journal of Law and Economics, 31, 1, 227-248.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10103
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/725459
openAccess
University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101642019-04-12T14:32:49Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Solution Properties of Deterministic Auctions
Barr, James L.
Shatel, Timothy L.
The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis © 1976 University of Washington School of Business Administration
2012-10-05T15:43:28Z
2012-10-05T15:43:28Z
1976-06
Article
Barr, James L. and Timothy L. Shaftel (1976), "Solution Properties of Deterministic Auctions," The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 11 (2), 287-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2979055
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10164
10.2307/2979055
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2979055
openAccess
University of Washington School of Business Administration
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/100772019-04-12T14:41:40Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
An Interplant Test of the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis
Cappelli, Peter
Chauvin, Keith
© 1991 by the President, and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
The analysis that follows tests the shirking model of efficiency wages by
examining the relationship between rates of employee discipline and relative wage
premiums across plants within the same firm. The structure of this data set controls
for many of the problems that confound other tests of efficiency wage arguments,
and the results suggest that greater wage premiums are associated with lower levels
of shirking as measured by disciplinary dismissals. Shirking and discipline are also
lower where conditions in the labor market raise the costs associated with shirking
by making it more difficult to find alternative employment. It is less clear, however,
whether the wage in this case is necessarily efficient in the sense of generating
reductions in discipline sufficient to offset the costs of the wage premium.
2012-09-11T19:52:22Z
2012-09-11T19:52:22Z
1991-08
Article
Cappelli, Peter, and Kevin Chauvin. (1991) An Interplant Test of the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 769-787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937926
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10077
10.2307/2937926
en
openAccess
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177692019-04-12T14:53:21Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
Conservative When Crowded: Social Crowding and Consumer Choice
Maeng, Ahreum
Tanner, Robin J.
Soman, Dilip
Crowding
Personal space
Social cognition
Threat management
Motivation
This is the published version. Copyright 2013 by American Marketing Association.
Does the mere crowdedness of the environment affect people's choices and preferences? In six studies, the authors show that social crowdedness not only leads to greater accessibility of safety-related constructs but also results in greater preference for safety-oriented options (e.g., preferring to visit a pharmacy to a convenience store), being more receptive to prevention- (rather than promotion-) framed messages, and being more risk averse with real money gambles. In support of the authors' underlying avoidance motivation perspective, these effects are mediated by participants' net prevention focus and are attenuated when the crowd in question consists of in-group members. The authors close by discussing the practical and theoretical implications of the results.
2015-05-15T16:16:12Z
2015-05-15T16:16:12Z
2013-12
Article
Maeng, Ahreum, Robin J. Tanner, and Dilip Soman. "Conservative When Crowded: Social Crowding and Consumer Choice." Journal of Marketing Research 50.6 (2013): 739-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.12.0118.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17769
dx: 10.1509/jmr.12.0118
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/92512019-04-12T14:44:42Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Corporate Political Donations: Investment or Agency?
Aggarwal, Rajesh K.
Meschke, Felix
Wang, Tracy Yue
Political contributions
Agency
Corporate governance
Investment
Political donations
This is the published version, also available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1469-3569.1391 .
We examine corporate donations to political candidates for federal offices in the United States from 1991 to 2004. Firms that donate have operating characteristics consistent with the existence of a free cash flow problem, and donations are negatively correlated with returns. A $10,000 increase in donations is associated with a reduction in annual excess returns of 7.4 basis points. Worse corporate governance is associated with larger donations. Even after controlling for corporate governance, donations are associated with lower returns. Donating firms engage in more acquisitions and their acquisitions have significantly lower cumulative abnormal announcement returns than non-donating firms. We find virtually no support for the hypothesis that donations represent an investment in political capital. Instead, political donations are symptomatic of agency problems within firms. Our results are particularly useful in light of the Citizens United ruling, which is likely to greatly increase the use of corporate funds for political donations.
2012-05-02T15:15:58Z
2013-04-04T12:10:03Z
2012-04
Article
Aggarwal, Rajesh K. , Felix Meschke , and Tracy Yue Wang . 2012. Corporate Political Donations: Investment or Agency? Business and Politics Issue. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1469-3569.1391
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/9251
10.1515/1469-3569.1391
openAccess
Walter De Gruyter
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/276632019-02-01T09:02:23Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Toward A More Comprehensive Model of Firms' Human Capital Rents
Chadwick, Clint
Human capital
Human resources
Resource-based reviews
Strategic human capital research has recently expanded to encompass other types of labor market frictions in addition to those posed by firm-specific human capital. Labor market frictions inhibit trade in human capital, allowing firms that are idiosyncratically advantaged with respect to a particular friction to appropriate human capital rents. Adding to this nascent conversation, I describe how idiosyncratic firm resources and capabilities enable firms to garner human capital rents. By explicitly distinguishing between value creation and value capture, which together drive firm-level human capital rents, this article’s theoretical framework uncovers overlooked circumstances where firms’ pursuit of human capital rents differ in important ways. I discuss theoretic propositions and implications to guide future research.
2019-01-31T20:59:08Z
2019-01-31T20:59:08Z
2017
Article
Chadwick, C. (2017). Toward a more comprehensive model of firms’ human capital rents. Academy of Management Review, 42(3), 499-519.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/27663
10.5465/amr.2013.0385
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Academy of Management
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/347102023-08-11T06:06:15Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
On conditional belief functions in directed graphical models in the Dempster-Shafer theory
Jiroušek, Radim
Kratochvíl, Václav
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions
Conditional belief functions
Smets' conditional embedding
Belief-function directed graphical models
The primary goal is to define conditional belief functions in the Dempster-Shafer theory. We do so similarly to probability theory's notion of conditional probability tables. Conditional belief functions are necessary for constructing directed graphical belief function models in the same sense as conditional probability tables are necessary for constructing Bayesian networks. We provide examples of conditional belief functions, including those obtained by Smets' conditional embedding. Besides defining conditional belief functions, we state and prove a few basic properties of conditionals. In the belief-function literature, conditionals are defined starting from a joint belief function. Conditionals are then defined using the removal operator, an inverse of Dempster's combination operator. When such conditionals are well-defined belief functions, we show that our definition is equivalent to these definitions.
2023-08-10T15:11:59Z
2023-08-10T15:11:59Z
2023-07-04
Article
Jiroušek, R., Kratochvíl, V., Shenoy, P.P., (2023), On conditional belief functions in directed graphical models in the Dempster-Shafer theory, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, vol. 160, 108976, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2023.108976
https://hdl.handle.net/1808/34710
10.1016/j.ijar.2023.108976
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/109652019-04-12T14:34:03Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Paying Attention: Overnight Returns and the Hidden Cost of Buying at the Open
Berkman, Henk
Koch, Paul D.
Tuttle, Laura
Zhang, Ying Jenny
This is the publisher's version, also found here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022109012000270
We find a strong tendency for positive returns during the overnight period followed by reversals during the trading day. This behavior is driven by an opening price that is high relative to intraday prices. It is concentrated among stocks that have recently attracted the attention of retail investors, it is more pronounced for stocks that are difficult to value and costly to arbitrage, and it is greater during periods of high overall retail investor sentiment. The additional implicit transaction costs for retail traders who buy high-attention stocks near the open frequently exceed the effective half spread.
2013-04-08T20:14:13Z
2013-04-08T20:14:13Z
2012
Article
Berkman, H., Koch, P. D., Tuttle, L., Zhang, Y.J. (2012) Paying Attention: Overnight Returns and the Hidden Cost of Buying at the Open. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47 (4), 715-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022109012000270
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10965
10.1017/S0022109012000270
en_US
openAccess
Cambridge Journals
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101042019-04-16T16:55:38Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Did Antitrust Policy Cause the Great Merger Wave?
Bittlingmayer, George
2012-09-17T21:01:41Z
2012-09-17T21:01:41Z
1985-04
Article
Bittlingmayer, George. (1985) Did Antitrust Policy Cause the Great Merger Wave? Journal of Law and Economics, 28, 1, 77-118.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10104
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/725466
openAccess
University of Chicago Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/54912022-07-18T20:51:21Zcom_1808_62com_1808_54com_1808_291com_1808_60col_1808_70col_1808_292col_1808_132
Professional Worker Career Experience Survey (PWCES) Data and Metadata
Rosenbloom, Joshua L.
Ash, Ronald A.
Worker
Information technology workforce
Gender differences in employment
Occupational personality
Discrimination
Career choice
Work-life balance
The Professional Worker Career Experience Survey (PWCES) contains responses from 752 working professionals who were surveyed between December 2003 and September 2004. The survey contains a combination of data on personal education and work histories, family structure, employment and demographic characteristics, and variety of personality scales. The data were collected originally as part of an investigation of the reasons for the under representation of women and minorities in the Information Technology (IT) workforce.
The survey instrument was made up of two separate sets of questions. The first part, was developed by the KU research team gathered information on the following topics:
Work history and job characteristics
Education history and experiences
Family history and experiences
Career choice influences
Family and other non-work obligations
Attitudes and perceptions of work experiences
Life/family/work conflicts
Job and career satisfaction
Personal attitudes and beliefs
Demographic and salary information
The second part of the survey consisted of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII), a widely used vocational counseling instrument that is developed and maintained by Consulting Psychologists Press (CPP). After completing the first part of the survey users were transferred to a site maintained by CPP and filled out responses to the SII online. CPP then transferred these responses to the KU team and responses from the two parts were matched based on individual identifiers.
After the data collection phase was completed the KU research team cleaned the responses by examining consistency of responses. In addition a number of additional variables were constructed based on survey responses.
Respondents were classified as either IT or non-IT employees based on self-reported current career field one of 13 categories or "Other"), and specific job title (open ended). Based on this information a total of 749 respondents could be placed in one career field or the other, with 200 being coded as IT and 549 coded as non-IT.
Data collected in the first part of the survey allowed the KU research team to construct a number of instruments that have been used by previous researchers. These include measures of: Work-family conflict, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, work stress, and Big Five personality constructs (NEOAC). Based on responses to the Strong Interest Inventory it was possible to construct measures of Holland's General Occupational Themes (RIASEC). Each of these instruments is described more fully in the glossary included as Appendix A to this users guide.
Because not all respondents completed the entire survey sample sizes will depend on the specific questions being analyzed.
NOTE: Descriptive text in the Documentation and DDI files was revised on 08/06/11 and those files updated in the zipped collection of files.
The Professional Worker Career Experience Survey (PWCES) contains responses from 752 working professionals who were surveyed between December 2003 and September 2004. The survey contains a rich combination of data on personal education and work histories, family structure, employment and demographic characteristics, and variety of personality scales. These data are available for download as a text file (.csv) and as a STATA (.dta) file. Anyone is free to use these data for scholarly purposes, but as a condition of use they must include a citation to this users guide in any papers or published articles that employ these data.
2009-10-06T14:23:26Z
2009-10-06T14:23:26Z
2009-10-06T14:23:26Z
Dataset
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/5491
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6450-0563
en_US
openAccess
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101742019-04-12T14:44:15Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century
Bittlingmayer, George
Business History Review 70 (Autumn 1996): 363-401. © 1996 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The modern corporation arose out of the trusts, mergers and holding companies of the late 19th century, an evolution that generated volatile political reactions. Though economists and business historians have analyzed the rise of the corporate form, they have neglected a second, related problem: Did attacks on the modern corporation depress business activity, as critics of Theodore Roosevelt and Howard Taft claimed? This paper has three aims. First, it covers the relevant analytical issues, including the effects of policy uncertainty on business investment. Second, it reviews the history of shifting governmental policy in the light of its possible economic effects. Finally, it examines die statistical link between antitrust enforcement and business activity for the years 1891–1914. Antitrust case filings against large firms coincided with business downturns, while filings against small firms did not. These findings provide supporting evidence though not decisive proof for the charge that trust-busting hurt business activity.
2012-10-18T16:34:05Z
2012-10-18T16:34:05Z
1996-09
Article
Bittlingmayer, George (1996), "Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century," Business History Review, 70 (3), 363-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117242
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10174
10.2307/3117242
en_US
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/109972019-04-12T14:42:39Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Application of Uncertain Reasoning to Business Decisions: An Introduction
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
This is the author's final draft. The publisher's official version is available from: http://www.som.buffalo.edu/isinterface/ISFrontiers.
2013-04-10T17:25:32Z
2013-04-10T17:25:32Z
2003
Article
Srivastava, Rajendra. (2003) Application of Uncertain Reasoning to Business Decisions: An Introduction. Information Systems Frontiers, 5 (4), 343-344.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10997
10.1023/B:ISFI.0000005649.88050.9f
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
http://www.som.buffalo.edu/isinterface/ISFrontiers/
openAccess
Springer
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/262902018-05-04T15:21:33Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Analytical Formulas for Risk Assessment for a Class of Problems where Risk Depends on Three Interrelated Variables
Srivastava, Rajendra P.
Mock, Theodore J.
Turner, Jerry L.
Risk assessment
Belief propagation
Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions
Interacting variables
Fraud risk assessment model
Auditor’s independent risk assessment model
Internal audit function assessment model
We derive general analytical formulas for assessing risks in a problem domain where the risk depends on three interrelated variables. More specifically, we derive general analytical formulas for propagating beliefs in a network where three binary variables, A, B and C, are related to a fourth binary variable Z through an ‘AND’ relationship. In addition, we assume that variables A, B and C are interrelated in that a change in one variable may affect the value of each of the other two. The analytical formulas derived in this article determine the overall belief and plausibility that Z is true or not true, given that we have beliefs on variables A, B and/or C. To demonstrate the importance of the general results, we use the results to develop models applicable to three real-world situations. The first model can aid external auditors in assessing the quality of an audit client’s internal audit function to determine the extent to which the internal auditor’s work can be relied on in the conduct of a financial audit while the second can aid in assessing the risk of impaired auditor independence when conducting a financial statement audit. The third model can be used to assess the risk of management fraud in financial reporting. Assessment of such risks is of critical importance to external auditors, regulators, and the investing public. Analytical formulas to help address these types of important business and economic problems have not been available prior to these derivations.
2018-04-07T03:03:55Z
2018-04-07T03:03:55Z
2007-05
Article
R. P. Srivastava, T. Mock, and J. Turner. "Analytical Formulas for Risk Assessment for a Class of Problems where Risk Depends on Three Interrelated Variables", 2007, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning Vol. 45, pp. 123-151.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/26290
10.1016/j.ijar.2006.07.010
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
openAccess
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Elsevier
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1562019-04-12T14:52:25Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
On Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Plausibility transformation method
Pignistic transformation method
Transforming belief function models to probability models
Bayesian networks
Valuation networks
Valuation-based systems
In response to reviewer comments on this paper, we have written a shorter and more focused paper: "On the Plausibility Transformation Method for Translating Belief Function Models to Probability Models," University of Kansas School of Business Working Paper No. 308, June 2004, Lawrence, KS.
In this paper, we explore methods for transforming a belief function model to an equivalent probability model. We propose and define the properties of a method called the plausibility transformation method. We compare the plausibility
transformation method with the pignistic transformation method. These two methods yield qualitatively different probability models. We argue that the plausibility transformation method is the correct method that maintains belief function semantics.
2004-12-15T17:06:57Z
2004-12-15T17:06:57Z
2003-07
Working Paper
Cobb, B. R. and P. P. Shenoy (2003), "On Transforming Belief Function Models to Probability Models," University of Kansas School of Business Working Paper No. 293, July 2003, Revised February 2004, Lawrence, KS.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/156
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
School of Business Working Paper;No. 293
openAccess
University of Kansas School of Business
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101652019-04-12T14:32:33Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Evaluating Negative Benefits
Beedles, William L.
The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis © 1978 University of Washington School of Business Administration
2012-10-05T15:56:21Z
2012-10-05T15:56:21Z
1978-03
Article
Beddles, William L. (1978), "Evaluating Negative Benefits," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 13 (1), 173-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2330532
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10165
10.2307/2330532
en_US
openAccess
University of Washington School of Business Administration
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/166652019-04-12T14:44:39Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_132
An empirical investigation of capital expenditure announcements
Shenoy, Catherine
Vafeas, Nikos
In this paper we study the market reaction to capital expenditure announcements in the backdrop of Jensen's [1986] free cash flow hypothesis. Our initial results confirm McConnell and Muscarella’s [1985] original findings suggesting that announcement-period returns follow in sign announced changes in capital spending. Moreover, estimating regressions similar to Lang Stulz and Walkling [1991] we find evidence that is somewhat weak, supportive of the free cash flow hypothesis in explaining announcement-period returns. Finally, an alternative information-signalling explanation for the market reaction cannot be ruled out entirely.
2015-02-13T18:05:08Z
2015-02-13T18:05:08Z
2005
Article
Shenoy, Catherine, and N. Vafeas, 2005. The free cash flow effects of capital expenditure announcements. Applied Economics Letters 12, Nos. 14-15, p. 907-911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350485052000345564
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/16665
10.1080/1350485052000345564
openAccess
Taylor and Francis
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/176082019-04-12T14:52:31Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
A Tiger and a President: Imperceptible Celebrity Facial Cues Influence Trust and Preference.
Tanner, Robin J.
Maeng, Ahreum
This is the publisher's version. Copyright 2012 by Journal of Consumer Research.
Neuroscientific research suggests that the brain has evolved specific capabilities enabling automatic social judgments of others to be made based on facial properties alone. However, little research in marketing has considered the consequences of how facial imagery is automatically processed. We explore automatic perceptions of familiarity by using morphing software to digitally combine unfamiliar faces with those of Tiger Woods and George Bush. Despite a complete lack of conscious recognition, trustworthiness ratings of the composite faces are clearly influenced by the celebrities in question. This appears to be due to implicit recognition being sufficient for individuals to automatically access their own summary valence judgments of either Woods or Bush. Alternative explanations based on a perceptual-fluency account, or implicit recognition sufficient to perceive specific trait ratings, are ruled out. These findings suggest that the marketing practice of digitally manipulating the attractiveness of facial imagery risks overlooking the important influence of familiarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
2015-05-05T21:00:26Z
2015-05-05T21:00:26Z
2012-12
Article
Tanner, Robin J., and Ahreum Maeng. "A Tiger and a President: Imperceptible Celebrity Facial Cues Influence Trust and Preference." Journal of Consumer Research 39.4 (2012): 769-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665412.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17608
10.1086/665412
openAccess
Journal of Consumer Research
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1822018-05-08T20:47:33Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Axioms for Dynamic Programming
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Discrete optimization
Local computation
Dynamic programming
Axioms for dynamic programming
Shenoy-Shafer architecture
Valuation networks
This paper describes an abstract framework, called valuation networks (VN), for representing and solving discrete optimization problems. In VNs, we represent information in an optimization problem using functions called valuations. Valuations represent factors of an objective function. Solving a VN involves using two operators called combination and marginalization. The combination operator tells us how to combine the factors of the objective function to form the global objective function (also called the joint valuation). Marginalization is either maximization or minimization. Solving a VN can be described simply as finding the marginal of the joint valuation for the empty set. We state some simple axioms that combination and marginalization need to satisfy to enable us to solve a VN using local computation. We describe a fusion algorithm for solving a VN using local computation. For optimization problems, the fusion algorithm reduces to non-serial dynamic programming. Thus the fusion algorithm can be regarded as an abstract description of the dynamic programming method, and the axioms can be viewed as conditions that permit the use of dynamic programming.
2004-12-21T01:01:04Z
2004-12-21T01:01:04Z
1996
Book chapter
Shenoy, P. P., "Axioms for Dynamic Programming," in A. Gammerman (ed.), Computational Learning and Probabilistic Reasoning, 1996, pp. 259--275, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
0-471-96279-1
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/182
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/9882018-05-09T17:32:00Zcom_1808_1069com_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_7465col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Knowledge representation and integration for portfolio evaluation using linear belief functions
Liu, Liping
Shenoy, Catherine
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Knowledge-based systems
Linear belief functions
Gaussian belief functions
Multivariate normal distribution
Portfolio evaluation
In this paper, we propose a linear belief function approach to evaluating portfolio performance. By drawing on the notion of linear belief functions, we propose an elementary approach to knowledge representation for expert systems using linear belief functions. We show how to use basic matrices to represent market information and financial knowledge, including complete ignorance, statistical observations, subjective speculations, distributional assumptions, linear relations, and empirical asset pricing models. We then appeal to Dempster’s rule of combination to integrate the knowledge for assessing the overall belief of portfolio performance, and updating the belief by incorporating additional information. We use an example of three gold stocks to illustrate the approach.
2006-06-30T19:40:05Z
2006-06-30T19:40:05Z
2006-07
Article
Liu, L., C. Shenoy, and P. P. Shenoy, "Knowledge representation and integration for portfolio evaluation using linear belief functions," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, Vol. 36, No. 4, July 2006, pp. 774--785.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/988
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1712018-05-08T20:44:43Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
A Comparison of Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter, Hugin, and Shenoy-Shafer Architectures for Computing Marginals of Probability Distributions
Lepar, Vasilica
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Lauritzen-spiegelhalter architecture
Hugin architecture
Shenoy-Shafer architecture
Computing marginals
In the last decade, several architectures have been
proposed for exact computation of marginals using
local computation. In this paper, we compare
three architectures—Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter,
Hugin, and Shenoy-Shafer—from the perspective
of graphical structure for message propagation,
message-passing scheme, computational efficiency,
and storage efficiency.
2004-12-18T23:45:26Z
2004-12-18T23:45:26Z
1998-07
Book chapter
Lepar, V. and P. P. Shenoy, "A Comparison of Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter, Hugin, and Shenoy-Shafer Architectures for Computing Marginals of Probability Distributions," in G. F. Cooper and S. Moral (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 14, 1998, pp. 328--337, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA.
1-55860-555-X
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/171
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/109622019-04-12T14:44:47Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Leverage Expectations and Bond Credit Spreads
Flannery, Mark J.
Nikolova, Stanislava
Öztekin, Özde
This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022109012000300.
In an efficient market, spreads will reflect both the issuer’s current risk and investors’
expectations about how that risk might change over time. Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein
(2001) show analytically that a firm’s expected future leverage importantly influences the
spread on its bonds. We use capital structure theory to construct proxies for investors’
expectations about future leverage changes and find that these significantly affect bond
yields, above and beyond the effect of contemporaneous leverage. Expectations under the
trade-off, pecking order, and credit-rating theories of capital structure all receive empirical
support, suggesting that investors view them as complementary when pricing corporate
bonds.
2013-04-08T17:37:48Z
2013-04-08T17:37:48Z
2012-08-04
Article
Oztekin, Ozde. (2012) Leverage Expectations and Bond Credit Spreads. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022109012000300
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10962
10.1017/S0022109012000300
en
openAccess
Cambridge University Press
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1512018-05-08T20:45:00Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Hybrid Influence Diagrams Using Mixtures of Truncated Exponentials
Cobb, Barry R.
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Influence diagrams
Hybrid Bayesian networks
Mixtures of truncated exponentials
This is a short 9-pp version of a longer un-published working paper titled "Decision Making with Hybrid Influence Diagrams Using Mixtures of Truncated Exponentials," School of Business Working Paper No. 304, May 2004, Lawrence, KS.
Mixtures of truncated exponentials (MTE) potentials are an alternative to discretization
for representing continuous chance variables in influence diagrams. Also, MTE potentials can be used to approximate utility functions. This paper introduces MTE influence diagrams, which can represent decision problems without restrictions on the relationships between continuous and discrete chance variables, without limitations on the distributions of continuous chance variables, and without limitations on the nature of the utility functions. In MTE influence diagrams, all probability distributions and the joint utility function (or its multiplicative factors) are represented by MTE potentials and decision nodes are assumed to have discrete state spaces. MTE
influence diagrams are solved by variable elimination using a fusion algorithm.
2004-12-14T20:41:46Z
2004-12-14T20:41:46Z
2004-07
Book chapter
M. Chickering and J. Halpern (eds.), Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI-04), 2004, pp. 85--93, AUAI Press, Arlington, VA
0-9749039-0-6
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/151
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en_US
openAccess
Association for Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/177772019-04-12T14:56:18Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
The effects of length, content, and repetition on television commercial effectiveness
Singh, Surendra N.
Cole, Catherine A.
Television
Studies
Comparative analysis
Statistical analysis
Commercials
This is the published version. Copyright 1993 American Marketing Association.
Many advertisers have argued that 15-second television commercials should be used only to reinforce effects created by longer commercials. However, this recommendation is based on studies that have several weaknesses, including use of single exposure levels, established commercials, and learning as the primary dependent variable. Reported are the findings of a laboratory experiment which compares the effectiveness of 15-second television commercials and 30-second television commercials by using novel commercials with different message appeals (informational vs. emotional), exposing subjects multiple times, and employing multiple dependent variables. Results indicate that informational 15-second commercials are as effective as informational 30-second commercials in several situations and can be used as standalone units. It is also shown that emotional 30-second commercials are superior to emotional 15-second commercials in influencing a viewer's learning of brand name and attitude. The reasons for and the implications of these findings are considered.
2015-05-15T20:31:48Z
2015-05-15T20:31:48Z
1993-02
Article
Singh, Surendra N., and Catherine A. Cole. "The Effects of Length, Content, and Repetition on Television Commercial Effectiveness." Journal of Marketing Research 30.1 (1993): 91. Web.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17777
openAccess
American Marketing Association
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/1902019-04-12T14:28:48Zcom_1808_8219com_1808_60col_1808_8220col_1808_132
Conditional Independence in Valuation-Based Systems
Shenoy, Prakash P.
Conditional independence
Valuation-based systems
Graphoid axioms
Factorization
Dempster-Shafer belief function theory
Possibility theory
Spohn's theory of epistemic beliefs
This paper introduces the concept of conditional independence in valuation-based systems (VBS). VBS is an axiomatic framework capable of representing many different uncertainty calculi. We define conditional independence in terms of factorization of the joint valuation. The definition of conditional independence in VBS generalizes the corresponding definition in probability theory. Besides probability theory, our definition applies also to Dempster-Shafer’s belief-function theory, Spohn’s epistemic-belief theory, and Zadeh’s possibility theory. In fact, it applies to any uncertainty calculi that fit in the VBS framework. We prove that our definition of conditional independence satisfies many of the usual properties associated with it. In particular, it satisfies Pearl and Paz’s graphoid axioms.
2004-12-22T20:02:52Z
2004-12-22T20:02:52Z
1994-04
Article
Shenoy, P. P., "Conditional Independence in Valuation-Based Systems," International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 10, Nos 3, 1994, pp. 203--234.
0888-613X
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/190
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-896X
en
openAccess
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
oai:kuscholarworks.ku.edu:1808/101022019-04-12T14:33:59Zcom_1808_60col_1808_132
Feeling and Liking Responses to Television Programs: An Examination of Two Explanations for Media-Context Effects
Murry, John P.
Lastovicka, John L.
Singh, Surendra N.
2012-09-17T20:42:08Z
2012-09-17T20:42:08Z
1992
Article
Murry, John P. Lastovicka, John L. Singh, Surendra N. (1992) Feeling and Liking Responses to Television Programs: An Examination of Two Explanations for Media-Context Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, vol 18 (4), 441-451.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/10102
en_US
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489257
openAccess
University of Chicago Press
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