Nationalism in Kurdistan: Formalizing a Nation through Reterritorialization

Arif, Diyaree Othman

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Nationalism in Kurdistan: Formalizing a Nation through Reterritorialization

Arif, Diyaree Othman

Abstract

This dissertation examines the complex relationship between Kurdish ethnic identity, territorial nationalism, and the pursuit of self-determination in the case of Kurdistan. Utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed methods framework, it analyzes quantitative and qualitative data gathered from 553 questionnaire respondents and 34 semi-structured interviewees, reflecting Kurdish communities in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and the diaspora. The study aims to explore how Kurds view their ethnic identity, sense of territory, and nationalistic goals, along with the impact of these views on wider Middle Eastern geopolitics.Quantitative results demonstrate statistically significant levels of Kurdish ethnonationalism and territorial nationalism, with strong relationships between these two aspects. Kurdish nationalism is significantly high indicating a shared desire for reterritorialization and self-governance. Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes notable yet subtle variations in nationalism related to gender, citizenship, and location, highlighting the intricacies of Kurdish identity within various sociopolitical environments. Qualitative analysis reveals the fundamental historical, cultural, and territorial factors that shape Kurdish national identity. Participants consistently highlighted the importance of language, geography, and common historical narratives in forming Kurdish identity. The research further emphasizes the effects of enduring oppression, the heritage of colonial border separations, and internal divisions on Kurdish efforts for autonomy. Although the dream of a self-reliant Kurdistan continues, contributors recognized the practical difficulties presented by local power struggles, global geopolitics, and the internal discord among Kurdish political factions. This study enhances the comprehension of Kurdish ethnonationalism and territorial identity by connecting theoretical viewpoints with empirical evidence. It contests simplistic socio-economic interpretations of the Kurdish issue, highlighting the importance of national identity and territory. In addition, it employs a discursive perspective to show how political, cultural, and media narratives actively shape and maintain Kurdish national and territorial identities. The results provide insights for policymakers, and researchers aiming to address Kurdish matters in the Middle East, promoting strategies that tackle the interconnected aspects of identity, autonomy, and land.