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The Relationship Between Maternal Added Sugars and Fructose Consumption on the Gut Microbiota Composition
Sullivan, Austin M
Sullivan, Austin M
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Abstract
Background: During pregnancy, the intake of added sugars exceeds recommendations, with fructose being a commonly consumed added sugar. Excessive added sugars intake, including fructose, is related to negative health outcomes. Within the past decade, the gut microbiota has gained attention for its relationship to health outcomes. During pregnancy, evidence is limited relating added sugars and fructose intake to the gut microbiota. Objective: To explore the relationship between added sugars and fructose intake and the maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy. Methods: A secondary analysis was performed from a RCT examining a high fiber diet on gestational weight gain. Pregnant women (n=24) were randomized to either a high fiber (n=8) or a control (n=16) group for 12-weeks. 24-hour dietary recalls and stool samples were collected at baseline and 12-weeks. NDSR was used to determine nutrient totals. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using MiSeq platform, 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing. Taxa were assigned based on 97% similarity to the Greengenes database and rarefication with QIIME2. T-tests analyzed if differences were found in added sugars (grams (g) and percentage kcals (%kcal)) and fructose intake between baseline, six weeks, and 12-weeks. The relationship between the change in added sugars and fructose intake to gut microbiota at baseline, 12-weeks, and the change from baseline to 12-weeks was determined by Pearson correlations. Multiple linear regression models assessed the relationship between added sugars and fructose intake and the microbiota while controlling for the following covariates: intervention assignment (control vs. intervention), baseline energy intake and 12-weeks energy intake and baseline, and 12-weeks dietary fiber intake. The full models were retained. Statistical significance for all analyses was set at p0.05). An increase in the %kcal from added sugars was found from baseline to 12-weeks (9.6% to 19.6%; p<0.001) and between 6 weeks to 12-weeks (9.8% to 19.6%; p<0.001). The change in added sugars intake from baseline to 12-weeks was positively correlated to 12-weeks Proteobacteria abundance (r=0.585, p=0.017). Other correlations approached significance, including the relationship between baseline added sugars intake and the change in Proteobacteria (r=-0.453; p=0.078) and the change in added sugars from baseline to 12-weeks and the change in Bacteroidetes from baseline to 12-weeks (r=-0.428, p=0.098) The regression analysis found added sugars was a significant predictor of the change in Firmicutes (F(6,9)=3.535, p=0.044). The following variables within the full model were found to be significant or approach significance: the change in added sugars from baseline to 12-weeks (β=0.004; p=0.067), baseline energy intake (β=-0.001; p=0.015), 12-weeks energy intake (β=0.001; p=0.023), baseline fiber intake (β=0.026; p=0.043), and 12-weeks fiber intake (β=-0.023; p=0.061). No significant regression models were found where fructose intake predicted changes in the microbiota. Conclusions: Added sugars intake during pregnancy was related to increased abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which is common in metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to understand this finding in pregnancy.
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2022-05-31
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University of Kansas
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Nutrition,