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Development and Construction of Low-Cracking High-Performance Concrete (LC-HPC) Bridge Decks: Free Shrinkage, Mixture Optimization, and Concrete Production
Lindquist, Will D. Darwin, David Browning, JoAnn
Lindquist, Will D.
Darwin, David
Browning, JoAnn
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Abstract
The development and evaluation of low-cracking high-performance concrete (LC-HPC) for use in bridge decks is described based on laboratory test results and experience gained during the construction of 14 bridges. The study is divided into three parts covering (1) the development of an aggregate optimization and concrete mixture design program entitled KU Mix, (2) free-shrinkage tests to evaluate potential LC-HPC mixtures developed for use in bridge decks, and (3) the construction and preliminary evaluation of LC-HPC bridge decks constructed in Kansas. This report emphasizes the material aspects of the construction process; a companion report will provide a detailed discussion of the construction, design, and environmental factors affecting the performance of LC-HPC bridge decks. The KU Mix design methodology for determining an optimized combined gradation uses the percent retained chart and the Modified Coarseness Factor Chart. The process begins by developing an ideal gradation followed by the determination of an optimum blend of user-selected aggregates. A Microsoft® Excel workbook enhanced with Visual Basic for Applications is available to perform the optimization process at www.iri.ku.edu. Experiences with the KU Mix design methodology during the construction of several LC-HPC bridge decks indicate that the process is easily implemented and transferred to concrete suppliers and governing officials. The second portion of the study involves evaluating the effect of paste content, water-cement (w/c) ratio, coarse aggregate type, mineral admixture type (silica fume, slag cement, and Class F fly ash each at two levels of replacement), cement type and fineness, a shrinkage reducing admixture, and the duration of curing on the free-shrinkage characteristics of concrete mixtures in the laboratory tested in accordance with ASTM C 157. The evaluation of shrinkage properties includes a total of 56 individual concrete batches. Both a high-absorption (2.5 to 3.0%) coarse iii aggregate and a low-absorption (less than 0.7%) coarse aggregate are evaluated in many of the comparisons. The results indicate that a reduction in w/c ratio (achieved by reducing the water content), longer curing periods, and the addition of a shrinkage reducing admixture reduce concrete shrinkage. When cast with a high-absorption coarse aggregate, the addition of either silica fume or slag cement results in a reduction in shrinkage at all ages, while the addition of fly ash increases early-age shrinkage but has little or no effect on long-term shrinkage. For mixtures containing a low-absorption coarse aggregate, the addition of silica fume or slag cement results in increased early-age shrinkage if the specimens are cured for seven days. These mixtures exhibit reduced shrinkage at all ages when the curing period is increased to 14 days. The addition of fly ash increases shrinkage at all ages for either curing period. The high-absorption limestone used in the study provides internal curing water, which results in the shrinkage of mixtures containing slag cement or silica fume. The final portion of the study presents the specifications, construction experiences, and the preliminary evaluation of 14 LC-HPC bridge decks that have been built or are planned in Kansas. The techniques used to reduce cracking in these bridge decks are presented, and the field experiences for the 18 individual LC-HPC placements completed to date are presented. The results indicate that LC-HPC decks with an optimized aggregate gradation and design w/c ratios of 0.44 and 0.45 with cement contents of 317 and 320 kg/m3 (535 and 540 lb/yd3) have more than adequate workability, finishability, and pumpability, in addition to reduced cracking. A preliminary evaluation of these decks indicates that, on average, the LC-HPC decks are performing at a level approximately equal to or exceeding the best performing monolithic decks in Kansas surveyed over the past 15 years.
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Date
2008-11
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Publisher
University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.
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Keywords
Aggregates, Aggregate optimization, Bridge decks, Cement fineness, Concrete bridge construction, Concrete mix design, Cracking, Durability, Fly ash, Free shrinkage, High-performance concrete, Paste content, Slag cement, Silica fume
Citation
Lindquist, W., Darwin, D., and Browning, J., “Development and Construction of Low-Cracking High-Performance Concrete (LC-HPC) Bridge Decks: Free Shrinkage, Mixture Optimization, and Concrete Production” SM Report No. 92, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas, November 2008, 540 pp.