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Publication Slovenska slengovska frazeologija danes(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Breznik, Irena StramljičPrispevek aktualizira in vzpostavlja kontinuiteto raziskovanja slovenske slengovske frazeologije, saj je zadnja pomembnejša tovrstna raziskava nastala pred petindvajsetimi leti. Medtem se je pojavil splet kot nova oblika medija, ki omogoča še hitrejše širjenje in spreminjanje slenga na zanj osrednjih prvinah, tj. disfemizmu, medjezikovnosti in besedni igri. Medmrežje kot nov prenosnik zaradi množične dostopnosti slengovske jezikovne prvine pomika iz zaprtih in pogosto obrobnih družbenih komunikacijskih položajev v javne in množične, saj so našli svoje mesto celo v oglaševanju. The paper reprises and highlights the re-emerging study of Slovene slang phraseology, which had been taken up the last time a quarter century ago. In the meantime, the Internet has appeared as a new medium that fosters even more rapid dissemination of information and change in slang in its fundamental elements, i.e., dysfemism, interlinguism, and punning. The Internet because of its mass accessibility as a new carrier of information moves formerly closed and marginal social communication situations into the broad public and mass-communicative sphere, as these elements have even found their way into advertising.Publication Grammatical Forms of Text-Organising Metatext: A Slovene-English Contrastive Analysis(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Pisanski Peterlin, AgnesV članku so predstavljeni rezultati slovensko-angleške kontrastivne analize slovničnih oblik, ki se pojavljajo v dveh vrstah metabesedilnih elementov, to so napovedi in sklici. Analiza je narejena na korpusu znanstvenih člankov. Glavne razlike so v rabi prihodnjega in sedanjega časa v napovedih ter v rabi preteklih časov in stavkov brez osebne glagolske oblike v sklicih. The paper presents the results of a Slovene-English contrastive analysis of grammatical forms found in two metatext categories: previews and reviews. A corpus of research articles (RAs) is used in the analysis. The main differences that emerge are in the use of the future and present tense in previews and in the use of past tenses and abbreviated clauses in reviews.Publication K metodologiji dialektologije jezikovnih družin: sklepanje o obstoju narečnega areala(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Klemenčič, SimonaV članku avtorica analizira postopke, ki privedejo do sklepa, da je v predhistoričnem času obstajal neki narečni areal, torej jezikovna povezava med dvema ali več prasorodnimi jeziki na znanem ali neznanem zemljepisnem področju. Na primeru hipotetičnega antičnobalkansko-baltsko-slovanskega narečnega areala z aplikacijo teorije argumentacije izlušči tipične napake pri sklepanju. The author treats the processes that lead to the establishment in the prehistoric period of a given dialect area, in other words, a connection between two or more proto-related languages in a known or unknown geographical territory. By examining the hypothetical ancient Balkan-Baltic-Slavic dialect areal with the application of the theoretical argumentation, typical fallacious conclusions are revealed.Publication Acoustic Analysis of Tones in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Preliminary Findings(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Jurgec, PeterV članku so predstavljeni predhodni rezultati obsežnejše akustične študije o prozodiji slovenščine. Pričujoča raziskava o akustičnih lastnostih leksikalnega tona v slovenščini obravnava trajanje samoglasnikov, jakost in osnovno frekvenco. Statistično značilnih razlik ni bilo med prvima, medtem ko so bile razlike v F0 visoko statistično značilne. Rezultati se precej razlikujejo od predhodnjih. Dvozložnice se razlikujejo v relativnem F0 posameznih samoglasnikov. V trizložnicah z naglasom na prvem zlogu se F0 najbolj razlikuje v zadnjem zlogu. The author presents preliminary findings of a larger acoustic study into prosodic structure of Slovene. This investigation in acoustic properties of tones in Slovene addresses vowel duration, intensity and fundamental frequency. Although no statistical differences between both lexical tones (or pitch-accents) were found in the first and second variable, the third was found highly significant. The results differ greatly from what was previously established. Disyllables differ in F0 of the individual vowels. In trisyllables with antepenultimate stress, the F0 difference is the highest in the final syllable.Publication Slovenski terminološki sistemi na primeru pravne terminologije(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Fajfar, TanjaČlanek je razdeljen na tri dele: v prvem je predstavljen projekt priprave slovenske različice pravnih aktov Evropskih skupnosti, drugi se osredotoča na slovensko pravno terminologijo, v tretjem pa je navedenih nekaj primerov, ki ponazarjajo, kako se je slovenska pravna terminologija odzvala na poimenovanje pojmov iz pojmovnega sveta pravnega reda Evropskih skupnosti (acquis communautaire). Ta je nacionalnim pravnim redom držav članic nadrejen ter terja enotno interpretacijo in uporabo, kar omogočajo le natančni in nedvoumni termini kot poimenovanja, izhajajoča iz razumevanja pojma v izvornem pojmovnem sistemu. The article is divided into three parts: in the first part the author introduces the preparatory work for the Slovene variant of legal acts of the European Union, the second part focuses on legal terminology, and the third adduces some examples illustrating how Slovene legal terminology has responded to the creation of terminology for the conceptual world of the EU legal system (acquis communautaire). This body of law takes precedence over the legal systems of the member states and demands a uniform interpretation and implementation, which can be achieved only through unambiguous denotation that is derived from understanding the concept in the framework of its original semantic system.Publication Valency Primitives as Dictionary Realisations(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Žele, AndrejaPrispevek odpira vprašanje določanja neke vrste pomensko-izraznih primitivov v slovenščini – jezikovnih enot, s katerimi lahko pomensko in izrazno (tj. slovarsko) razlagamo vse oz. večino besedja v določenem jeziku. Obravnava s pomensko-izraznimi primitivi povezuje seme kot pomensko primitivne oz. nedeljive enote in se pri tem omejuje na možnost izrazitve oz. slovarske verbalizacije valenčnih semov z valenčnimi primitivi. The paper addresses the issue of how to identify certain kinds of semantic-expressional primitives in Slovene. These are units of language with which we can explain semantically and expressionally all or most of the vocabulary of the language. The discussion deals with semantemes as semantic primitives or irreducible units and in so doing is restricted to the possibility of expressing or providing a dictionary realisation of valency semantemes using valency primitives.Publication Slovene Ultra-Formal Address: Borrowing, Innovation, and Analysis(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Reindl, Donald F.Slovenščina ima ogovorni sistem, ki se od osnovnega dvojnega ogovornega sistema mnogih evropskih jezikov loči v tem, da oblikovno razlikuje do štirih ravni formalnosti (neformalno/tikanje, polformalno/napol vikanje, formalno/vikanje in ultraformalno/onikanje). Do nedavnega je bilo onikanje v redni uporabi tako v neposrednem kot v posrednem ogovoru (oz. govorjenjem o odsotni osebi). Čeprav bi lahko slovnične značilnosti onikanja izvirale iz stika z nemščino, se zdi, da predstavlja slovenska uporaba onikanja v posrednem ogovoru samostojen izum. Avtor analizira Linhartovo veseloigro Županova Micka z namenom, da razišče in prikaže vzajemno delovanje teh ogovornih oblik. Podobne raziskave onikanja v drugih jezikih (češčina, slovaščina) bi lahko bolje osvetlile pojav, ki je prisoten v več slovanskih jezikih. Slovene has a system of address that differs from the basic binary address system of many European languages by grammatically distinguishing up to four levels of formality (informal, semiformal, formal, and ultra-formal). Until recently, ultra-formal address was regularly used in direct as well as indirect address (i.e., reference to absent persons). Although the grammatical characteristics of Slovene ultra-formal address (3rd plural) appear to have been the result of contact with German, the Slovene application of this form to indirect address appears to have been an independent innovation. Anton Tomaž Linhart’s play Županova Micka is analyzed in order to explore and illustrate the interaction of these various address forms. Similar studies of ultra-formal address in other languages (e.g., Czech and Slovak) could shed light on a phenomenon that has been attested in multiple Slavic languages.Publication Gailtal Slovene in Urban Jarnik’s Letters to Primic and Kopitar, 1811–1814(nštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Pronk, TijmenPrispevek predstavlja narečne podatke iz Ziljske doline na Koroškem, ki jih navaja Urban Jarnik v pismih Primicu in Kopitarju. Jarnikovo obravnavo narečnih podatkov imamo lahko za začetek slovenskega narečjeslovja. Prvi del prispevka je posvečen filološki in fonološki analizi Jarnikovih podatkov, v drugem delu pa je slovarček vseh ziljskih besed, izpričanih v Jarnikovih pismih. Gradivo prinaša veliko narečnih besed, ki jih v poznejši literaturi ni zaslediti. The paper presents the dialectal data from the Gailtal in Carinthia that Urban Jarnik discusses in his letters to Primic and Kopitar. Jarnik’s discussions of his native dialect in these letters could be regarded as the first serious treatment of Slovene dialectal material. The first part of the paper is devoted to a philological and phonological analysis of Jarnik’s data. The second half gives a glossary of all the Gailtal Slovene words in Jarnik’s letters. Many dialectal words that Jarnik gives are not attested in later literature.Publication On a Recent Article on Developments in Gender in Slovene Dialects. A Personal Note(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Priestly, TomResponse to an article written by Smole, Vera. 2006. “Lingvogeografska obdelava spola v ednini: samostalniki srednjega spola na -o v slovenskih narečjih,” Slavistična revija 54 (posebna številka): 125–135Publication Natural Syntax: Three-value Naturalness Scales(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Cvetko Orešnik, Varja; Orešnik, JanezNaravna skladnja je deduktivna teorija v razvoju in veja teorije naravnosti. Sodbe o naravnosti so ubesedene v lestvicah naravnosti, ki sledijo iz osnovnih meril (ali »aksiomov«), naštetih v začetku sestavka. Napovedi teorije se izračunavajo v t. i. izpeljavah, katerih glavni sestavini sta par lestvic naravnosti in pravila o ujemanju med soodnosnimi vrednostmi naravnosti. Ločimo vzporedno in križno ujemanje, ki sta v dopolnjevalni razvrstitvi. Križno ujemanje je obvezno v izpeljavah, omejenih na skrajno nenaravno okolje. Lestvice naravnosti vsebujejo zvečine po dve vrednosti, npr. >nat (+, –) / človeško; nekatere vsebujejo po tri vrednosti, npr. (za slovenščino) >nat (ednina, množina, dvojina), ali so še bolj zapletene. Ta sestavek obravnava lestvice s po tremi vrednostmi in prispeva tole: omejevanje okolja neke izpeljave na najbolj desno ali na najbolj desni vrednosti take lestvice naravnosti, ki vsebuje tri vrednosti, zahteva križno ujemanje. To je ponazorjeno s slovenskim, ruskim in angleškim jezikovnim gradivom. Druge objave o naravni skladnji: Kavčič 2005a–b, Orešnik 1999, 2000a–b, 2001a–f, 2002, 2003a– c, 2002/03, 2004. V tem seznamu so samo dela, napisana v angleščini. Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or “axioms”) listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in the deductions, whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Chiastic alignment is mandatory in deductions limited to unnatural environments. Naturalness scales are prevailingly two-value; for instance, >nat (+, –) / human. Some are threevalue – for instance (for Slovenian), >nat (singular, plural, dual) – or even more complicated. This paper deals with three-value scales and features the following chief finding: the restriction of the environment of any deduction to the rightmost value or to the two rightmost values of a threevalue naturalness scale requires chiastic alignment. This is exemplified with Slovenian, Russian and English material. Earlier publications on Natural Syntax: Kavčič 2005a–b, Orešnik 1999, 2000a–b, 2001a–f, 2002, 2003a–c, 2002/03, 2004. This list cites only works written in English.Publication Perceptual Dialectology and the Future of Slovene Dialects(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Lundberg, Grant H.Članek je opis in analiza ankete, v kateri smo zastavljali vprašanja o rabi narečij in odnosu do narečij v Sloveniji. Izvedena je bila novembra 2005 na univerzah v Ljubljani in Mariboru. Na splošno je anketa študentov pokazala stanje v prid ohranjanju narečij, ki pa je na nekaterih narečnih področjih precej neenotno. This paper is a description and analysis of a survey designed to ask questions about dialect usage and attitudes in Slovenia. The questionnaire was administered during November of 2005 at the University of Ljubljana and the University of Maribor. Overall, the survey of university students depicts a situation that is positive for dialect maintenance, but there is significant variation in some dialect regions.Publication The Neocircumflex in Western South Slavic(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Langston, KeithNovi cirkumfleks so po mnenju večine raziskovalcev povzročile fonetične okoliščine; razumejo ga kot nadomestno podaljšanje v zameno za izgubo notranjega šibkega polglasnika ali za skrajšanje prvotnega dolgega samoglasnika v naslednjem zlogu. V pričujočem prispevku avtor razčlenjuje dejstva, ki nasprotujejo temu nazoru, in zagovarja razlago, da je novi cirkumfleks nastal kot rezultat delovanja oblikoslovnih in fonetičnih dejavnikov. The neocircumflex has most often been described as being phonologically conditioned and is usually understood to represent lengthening in compensation for the loss of an internal weak jer or the shortening of an original long vowel in the following syllable. This article examines evidence that calls this explanation into question and argues that the neocircumflex does not represent compensatory lengthening, but should be attributed to a combination of morphological and phonological factors.Publication Resian Pëňt’/Pëgnt’ ‘Stone, Cliff’(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Hamp, Eric P.Etymology of Resian dialect (Slovene) Pëňt’/Pëgnt’ ‘Stone, Cliff’.Publication Slovenian Clitic Pronouns and What is so Special about Them(Inštitut za slovenski jeyzik Frana Ramovša; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Dvořák, BoštjanMedtem ko se v večini jezikov, v katerih (kot npr. v južnoslovanskih) obstaja razlika med močnimi in šibkimi zaimki, naslonske oblike dokaj dosledno držijo sintaktičnih zakonitosti in pravil fonološke odvisnosti, se jih v slovenščini ne. Ker se jih ne, jih lahko upravičeno označimo za zelo nenavadno skupino besed, saj jim, poleg tega da se ne skladajo z njimi, celo naravnost nasprotujejo. Whereas within the vast majority of languages with any difference between the strong and weak pronouns (like in the southern Slavic) as to their use and occurrence, clitic pronouns show a rather regular behaviour according to syntactic rules and phonological dependencies, the situation in Slovenian may be considered as extremely different in that they not only do not necessarily follow the respective clitic properties, but even clearly contradict them.Publication Relative and Pseudo-Relative Clauses in Slovene(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Subhalaxmi Chidambaram, VrindaAvtorica raziskuje raznovrstne oziralne stavke v slovenšcini s posebnim ozirom na strukturo, ki se tradicionalno obravnava kot izjemna glede na to, da je v njej neskladje med številom v naslonskem zaimku in številom v odnosnici, npr. Najboljši iskalec si, [RC kar smo jih imeli.] Razprava kaže, kako sodobna generativna skladnja lahko reši ta problem, in sicer z dvema možnima rešitvama. The author explores the various types of relative clauses in Slovene, focusing on a construction that has traditionally been assumed to be a special type of relative clause in which there seems to be a mismatch between the number feature of the clitic pronoun and that of the relative head, e.g., Najboljši iskalec si, [RC kar smo jih imeli.]1 best-Nom.sg.masc. seeker-Nom.sg.masc. BE-2nd. sg.pres. that BE-1st.pl.pres. 3rd.pl.acc.pron have-L-participle ‘You are the best seeker that we have had (them).’ The paper illustrates how contemporary generative syntax can handle the problem of this feature mismatch, giving two possible solutions.Publication The Prehistory and Areal Distribution of Slavic *gъlčěti ‘Speak’(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Schallert, Joseph; Greenberg, Marc L.SVN: Razprava podrobno obravnava zemljepisno razvrstitev in pomenski razvoj leksema *gъlčěti v južnoslovanskih narečjih, tj. na področjih z migracijsko poselitvijo. Zastavlja tudi vprašanje o prvotni povezavi med jezikovnimi skupnostmi, v katerih se je leksem razvil v glavni izraz za pojem ‘govoriti’, in sicer v južnoslovanskem pa tudi v širšem slovanskem kontekstu. Posebna pozornost se posveča bolgarščini in vzhodni slovenščini, ki izpričujeta ta razvoj. ENG: The paper examines in some detail the diatopic distribution and semantic development of *gъlčěti in South Slavic, i.e., the Slavic dialect areas settled by migration, and raises the question of the nature of the relationship among those dialects that have developed *gъlčěti as the primary neutral verb meaning ‘speak’ both in its South Slavic and broader Slavic contexts. Special attention is given to Bulgarian and Eastern Slovene dialects, which share this development.Publication Uredniška beseda(Fran Ramovš Institute for Slovene Language, Scientific Research Center, Slovene Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2007-01-01) Snoj, Marko; Greenberg, Marc L.Introductory essay on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of publication of the journal Slovenski jezik/Slovene Linguistic Studies.