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Publication Dialektstudie des Katherinenstaedter Deutsch(University of Kansas, 1981-05-31) Shire, Ilse TheresiaDie vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Dialektstudie über den wolgadeutschen Dialekt, wie er in Katerinenstadt, Kansas gesprochen wird. Die Sprecher gaben in einem Interview die ins Englische übersetzten Sätze von Georg Wenker in ihrer Mundart wieder. Im Anschluss daran wurden die Sprecher dazu veranlasst, frei zu sprechen. Die so gewonnenen Laute wurden in dem phonetischen Teil der Arbeit analysiert und in ihrer Umgebung festgehalten. Im historischen Teil der Studie wurden die Gesetzmässigkeiten der Sprache mit linguistisch bekannten Gesetzmässigkeiten verglichen. Die Arbeit gibt einen Einblik in die Regeln und Besonderheiten dieses Dialekts und stellt somit eine Grundlage zur Erforschung dieser wolgadeutschen Mundart dar.Publication "It just doesn't sound right": Spracherhalt und Sprachwechsel bei deutschen Kirchengemeinden in Cole County, Missouri : Resultate einer Spurensuche(University of Kansas, 2002-05-31) Dippold, Doris; Keel, William D.A major focus of current sociolinguistic research is the issue of minority language maintenance and language shift. German-American speech islands, existing well into the twentieth century, are providing a valuable basis for such research. This thesis presents the results of research involving twenty-one church congregations in Cole County, Missouri, with a German heritage and representing five different denominations: Roman-Catholic, German-Methodist, Evangelical-Lutheran (Iowa Synod, Missouri Synod} and German-Evangelical. Its goal is to comprehend the process of language shift in these congregations and bring out its dominant influential factors. To achieve that goal, publications and records of the congregations were analyzed in the following four categories: church services, parochial and Sunday schools, church clubs, official records and public relations. Combined with some information gained through interviews with and questionnaires from older church members, those written sources provided data on the general timeline and the factors influencing language shift, and finally, the way the congregations with their members saw and see themselves: as Germans, German-Americans or Americans. These data were compared to the statistics of the denominations and previous research. The results show clearly that the First World War is just one of many factors,·but not the·major reason of language shift in those German-American congregations. Though it may have initiated the change in some cases or was even being "used" as such an initiator, I am suggesting that shift in language use and cultural perception cannot happen without changes in the social and demographic structure of the immigrant communities. Apart form that, diminishing institutional support leads to language loss as well as loss of cultural awareness. Those results being extracted, the research also offers valuable insight into questions of ethnicity and identity and is a basis for future work in these areas.Publication The Low German Dialect of Concordia, Missouri(University of Kansas, 1997-12-31) Ballew, William Noble; Keel, William D.A resurgence of interest recently in various German dialects present in many regions of the United States has led to the gathering of data in many small towns throughout the Midwest whose dialects and dialect speakers will have died out within the next decade. With this realization, research efforts in these communities have been stepped up over the last five years, as we all feel the pressure of a most certain deadline. The researchers of this project, primarily graduate students at the University of Kansas under the supervision of Dr. William Keel, are seeking to record, analyze, and preserve these dialects for future study before they have completely died out. This paper is part of ongoing research into the Low German dialects spoken in the region of Western Missouri in and around Lafayette County, particularly in the towns of Concordia and Cole Camp (Benton County). Thus, this project has both dialectological and historical significance in helping to complete the bigger picture of Germans in America, their language and their culture. As a specific example, fieldwork in the town of Concordia will be used to illustrate how cultural ties to the German homeland, the historical development of the town, its religious affiliations, and its Low German Club have contributed to a revitalization of sorts in its efforts to preserve its heritage and language. Included will be discussions of the town's history, the basic structure and sounds of the dialect, interesting or unusual characteristics of the spoken dialect, and some of the language behaviors exhibited by various speakers. Finally, some implications of the marketing and death of Concordia Low German will be examined.Publication “Annexation or Reunification?” Linguistic Appraisal of German and Russian news reporting on Crimea(Department of Germanic Languages & Literatures, University of Kansas, 2018-05-31) Cassidy, Lauren“Fake News” has reached new heights of contestation within recent times around the globe. Appraisal Theory provides a framework through which instances of news platforms’ positive and negative judgments can be identified, including their stances toward what counts as truthful reporting. Previously, researchers have identified the stances of news agencies by conducting linguistic analyses on news articles, showing how new agencies are able to assert their views through textual constructions. However, the expression of stance in German and Russian news articles showing different sides to the same conflict involving the Russian annexation of the Crimean peninsula has remained largely unexplored. To address this gap, I selected articles reporting on Russian involvement in Crimea from a liberal German news source, a conservative German news source, and a Russian-state sponsored news source based in Germany. Using a manual linguistic coder, I identified each instance of positive and negative attitude towards Russian involvement in Crimea within each news article. The analysis reveals that German and Russian news sources use different linguistic constructions to moralize Russian actions in Ukraine, with each side reporting information to support a German or Russian worldview respectively. The study shows how news agencies attempt to align readers with a particular worldview and that even if news sources appear to provide information from multiple sources or perspectives, they can still constitute bias.Publication The Establishment, Dissolution, and Restoration of Heimat in German-Jewish Narratives by Stefanie Zweig and Jeanine Meerapfel(University of Kansas, 2016-08-31) Van Scoyk, Stefany; Marx, Leonie A; Keel, William; Linden, Ari; Carlson, Maris; Bial, HenryWriters and filmmakers of second-generation Holocaust survivors often seek to establish tenuous continuities between their parents’ pre-exile Heimat and their own experiences of German culture through their artistic works. The novelist Stefanie Zweig and the filmmaker Jeanine Meerapfel, as members of the second generation, have composed narratives that create such continuities and their complexities in the search for place and the quest for belonging. This dissertation focuses on Zweig’s novels of the Rothschildallee (2008-2012) and Meerapfel’s feature film Der deutsche Freund (2012), narratives that tell stories of this quest for Heimat from the perspectives of the first and second generations, and analyzes the complexities of this search. To elucidate aspects of this search for place and belonging, this analysis works with conceptual tools borrowed from cultural geography and the Bakhtinian chronotope. The application of material and non-material traces from cultural geography in the analysis of these works reveals the unique character of German-Jewish geography as presented in these narratives. Through the Bakhtinian chronotope, an in-depth analysis of Heimat at a given time and of its changes over time reveals the complex relationships between time, space, and places in both public and private spheres. The house and the threshold emerge as the most important chronotopes in the narratives and evolve from novel to novel and from the written to the cinematic medium. This analysis discusses the challenges of establishing Heimat from the perspective of the parent generation. The house in the Rothschildallee becomes symbolic of German-Jewish culture in its negotiation between the public and private spheres while the threshold here becomes a point of momentous crossings. Furthermore, it identifies the children’s attitudes towards and expectations of the Heimat which their parents created for them. For the child generation, the threshold develops into a significant place of departures and arrivals that reveal the socio-cultural struggles for the younger Sternbergs. Over time, the chronotopes of the house and threshold respond to the processes of dissolution and restoration of Heimat, showing the interdependencies of the public and private spheres. Finally the analysis shows the difficulties in establishing and maintaining Heimat across different houses and thresholds set in various cultural geographies This analysis contributes to the study of Heimat from a German-Jewish perspective and points to developments in German-Jewish literature that has again become part of scholarly discourse in post-World War II literature and cinema. Zweig’s novels commemorate the German-Jewish Bildungsbürgertum and acknowledge the daily struggles involved in establishing Heimat. Meerapfel’s film treats the pursuit of a German-Jewish Heimat as one strand of a much broader story about the post-war quest for a place of home in two countries faced with the aftermath of exile and war crimes.Publication Das Gedicht als "Bedürfnis nach einem Ort": Zur Situation und Bildersprache des Exilanten SAID(University of Kansas, 2015-05-31) Kourehpazhassanalizadeh, Schirin; Marx, Leonie A.; Linden, Ari; Janzen, MarikeAbstract In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, nicht nur SAIDs Position in seinem „Niemandsland“, wie er es nennt, zu verdeutlichen, sondern es wird auch versucht, seine Schreibweise zwischen den zwei Kulturen, der persischen und der deutschen, zu analysieren, um zu erläutern, wie er es unternimmt, seine Situation in seinen Gedichten den Lesern zu vermitteln. Hier gibt es eine Lücke in der Forschung und die vorliegende Arbeit über SAID versucht dazu beitragen, die bestehende Forschungslücke zu schließen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie SAID als Exilant nicht nur im Exil leben kann, sondern dass er auch in der Fremde eine neue Heimat finden kann. SAID ist ein Beispiel für einen Exilanten, der seine Heimat aufgeben musste, aber durch seine Erinnerung an seine Heimat, verbunden mit einer neuen, nämlich der deutschen Sprache, eine neue Heimat im Exil aufbauen konnte. Er hat sich im „Niemandsland,“ einem dritten Raum, ein Zuhause aufgebaut, welches sicher und frei ist. Es wurde weiterhin gezeigt, dass SAIDs „Niemandsland“ zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Kulturen dahin führt, dass er seine Heimat in keiner dieser Kulturen eindeutig wiederfinden kann. Er schreibt in einer fremden Sprache über seine Heimat, seine Erinnerungen und seine derzeitige Situation im Exil. SAID benutzt dazu eine von beiden Kulturen inspirierte Bildersprache. Seine Welt und die Bilder werden auf Deutsch weitergegeben. Er versucht somit einerseits, das Fremde mit der fremden Sprache abzubauen. Andererseits baut er den dritten Raum durch die deutsche Sprache und die iranischen Erinnerungen auf.Publication Goetz von Berlichingen: Die dreifache bearbeitung von Goethes Goetz in ihrer beziehung zur lebens-Beschreibung(University of Kansas, 1929) Warkentin, AbrahamPublication A comparison of the German märchen and the English fairy tales(University of Kansas, 1930) Friedrich, IrmaPublication Hermann Hesse. Eine kritische würdigung seiner romane(University of Kansas, 1931) Richert, ElmaPublication Thematic elements in thirty Neo-Latin epithalamia and their correspondences in the German Baroque Hochzeitsgedicht(University of Kansas, 1967) Jermann, Thomas C.Publication Goethe's Urfaust and the Enlightenment: Gottsched, Welling, and the "Turn to Magic"(University of Kansas, 2014-05-31) Landes, James Michael; Baron, Frank; Marx, Leonie; Marx, Leonie; Baron, Frank; Carlson, Maria; Keel, William; Øhrgaard, PerThe Urfaust, composed in the early 1770s, is the first draft of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's (1749-1832) masterpiece, Faust, Teil I (1808). While this early draft is relatively unexamined in its own right, an examination of this work in the context of its original creation offers insights into Goethe's creative processes at the time in relation to the Enlightenment poetic debates of the eighteenth century, through which literary critics, such as J.C. Gottsched (1700-1766) attempted to define the rules by which poetic construction should operate. In examining the Urfaust, one can see how Goethe's poetic aims transcended those of the Enlightenment debate, going far beyond the Enlightenment critics of Gottsched, such as J.J. Bodmer (1698-1783) and J.J. Breitinger (1701-1776) in making the case for additional room for the fantastic in poetic construction. Goethe's criticism of the limits of the Enlightenment to know and explain reality via reason and language leads him to a different approach to the mythological, one based on the primacy of image to language in approximating nature, in which the poet is free to construct a new mythology based on the manipulation of images into a new narrative. In Georg von Welling's (1652-1727) cabbalistic work he finds a cosmogony rich with images, images that he borrows and transforms in creating his own new Faust mythology. In Welling, Goethe finds the counterpole to Gottsched, whose image-rich language provides Goethe with inspiration to respond to the poetic debates of the Enlightenment poetically, as opposed to discursively, through his approach to constructing a mythology.Publication Don Carlos : an interpretation of Schiller's transition from storm and stress to classicism(University of Kansas, 1930) Hiebert, Sarah HenriettePublication The nature element in Goethe's works, 1765-1788(University of Kansas, 1929) McCoy, IsabelPublication Eichendorff’s poetry, a study in German romanticism(University of Kansas, 1929) Gabisch, Rose DominicPublication Story Time: The Expression of Temporal Events in Narration by L2 Learners of German(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) Hackmann, Emily Elizabeth; Vyatkina, Nina; Keel, William D; Linden, Ari; Dickey, Stephen M; Rossomondo, AmyThe Aspect Hypothesis (AH) and the Discourse Hypothesis (DH) have each been used to explain how learners acquire tense and aspect (TA) in a second language. The AH predicts that learners will be more strongly influenced by a verb’s lexical aspect in their choice of TA markers, while the DH predicts that learners will be more greatly influenced by a verb’s role in a narrative. Recent research has regarded these two theories as complementary rather than competing, finding support for both hypotheses. However, these newer studies have so far primarily considered the theories’ claims for second language learners of English and Romance Languages. The current study expands on these findings, investigating the effects of lexical aspect and narrative function for L1 English students learning L2 German. This L1-L2 pairing is of particular interest due to the dissimilarities between the aspectual systems of the two languages. The study’s participants were enrolled in a fourth semester university German class. Over the course of one semester, they produced 6 written and 6 oral blogs, in which they told stories about themselves in German related to course themes. In addition, each student produced one written and one oral blog in English. The participants also took part in a mid-semester pedagogical intervention. At the end of the semester, approximately half of the students participated in retrospective interviews, in which they were asked about their opinions of the blogging process and the pedagogical intervention. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis, the study investigated the effects of the intervention, mode of production, lexical aspect, narrative function, and L1 influence on learners’ TA use in their narratives. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the DH was a more accurate predictor of tense/aspect use for the study’s participants than was the AH. It was also found that learners differentiated between foreground and background more consistently in written narratives than in spoken blogs. In addition, a visual inspection of the data plots indicated that the learners’ use of TA was similar for the English and German data, in terms of both grounding and lexical aspect. Finally, the results showed that the intervention was successful in helping learners associate past tense with foreground events, as well as in helping them to avoid the use of progressive aspect in their German narratives.Publication The Legality of Existence in Exile from National Socialism: The Legal Delineation of Identity and Its Implications for Individuation and Migration as Manifest in German Exile Literature of the Period 1933-1945(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) Frawley, Gabrielle Katherine; Marx, Leonie A; Keel, William D; Linden, Ari; Levy, Richard E; Smith, David NThis dissertation examines the legal status of refugees from the National Socialist (NS) regime and explores thereby the implications of statelessness for the refugee’s experience in exile, specifically his sense of belonging and place in the world, as manifest in select works of German exile literature of the period 1933-1945. The thesis pursued in this analysis is that the identity of the individual is inextricably tied to notions of time and space. The loss of the legal right to exist in a specific space at a specific time, a loss that defined the exile experience of refugees from the NS-regime, meant the expulsion of the refugee from a time-space continuum at a given moment to which he could never return. This loss calls into question the possibility of reintegration into this societal continuum, of the possibility of notions of self and place in the world independent of a legally recognized and sanctioned existence. The analysis of select German autobiographical and literary works of the NS-period evidences that the existence of the refugee in the space of the in-between, the space in which the legal, physical and socio-cultural Niemandsländer of exile overlap and coalesce, has profound implications for the refugee’s notions of identity, of his sense of belonging and place in the world. Integral to a discussion of the legality of existence in exile and its implications for identity is a comprehensive definition of identity itself. For this purpose, Richard Jenkins’ tripartite model of individual order, interaction order, and institutional order, as outlined in his work Social Identity (Third Edition), serves as a definition of identity and a foundation for the historical discussion and literary analysis of the four chapters. Chapter One, entitled “The Necessity of a Legally Documented and Sanctioned Existence: The Legal Status of German Refugees of the National Socialist Period (1933-1945),” provides a historical foundation for the subsequent three chapters in its discussion of the processes of legal erasure evident during the NS-period and the implications thereof for the legal status of the refugee in exile from the NS-regime. In the following chapters, representative works of German exile literature in which the experience of the in-between in Niemandsland proves to be of particular significance are discussed under various sub-points of analysis. Egon Schwarz’s autobiography is the focus of Chapter Two, which is titled “The Implications of Legal Otherness for the Refugee’s Notion of Identity: A Case Study of Egon Schwarz’s Keine Zeit für Eichendorff.” In this chapter Schwarz’s experiences in Niemandsland are discussed within the analytical framework of Jenkins’ tripartite model in order to determine the implications of exile and the consequent ruptures in the institutional order for Schwarz’s identity formation in the individual order, specifically his sense of personal agency in processes of identification and the interplay thereof with his notions of belonging and place in the world. Chapter Three focuses on the legal dimension of Niemandsland, specifically how statelessness affects the refugee’s sense of belonging to the national community from which he has been legally expunged. Entitled “The Interplay between Legally Sanctioned Space and Notions of Place in the World as Manifest in Select Works of German Exile Literature, 1933-1945,” this chapter explores the incongruity between legal erasure and the linguistic, cultural and historical ties that endure between the stateless individual and his national community of origin as manifest in select works. The chosen works are representative of the diversity of German writers’ responses to the experience of statelessness in exile from the NS-regime across several genres. The argumentation of the chapter is supported by the analysis of excepts from these works: non-fiction political writings and speeches by Thomas Mann, including “Schrifsteller im Exil” and Deutsche Hörer!, the novels Kind aller Länder by Irmgard Keun and Transit by Anna Seghers, the drama Jacobowsky und der Oberst by Franz Werfel, and the “dialogisierte Tagespolitik” Flüchtlingsgespräche by Bertolt Brecht (White 137). This chapter investigates how the authors of these works employ various techniques to demonstrate the ruptures in the institutional order and their implications for the individual order and identity in exile. The existing scholarship on these works is extensive, but the contribution of this dissertation lies in the fact that these works and their authors are being discussed within a unified analytical framework. In contrast to Chapters Two and Three, the analyses of which deal predominantly with the legal complications faced by the refugee of the NS-period and the implications of statelessness for processes of identification, Chapter Four, in its discussion of Mascha Kaléko’s exile poetry, focuses primarily on the devastating and irretrievable loss of home that exile represented for Kaléko. Titled “Exile in Nirgendland: The Poetry and Exile Experience of Mascha Kaléko,” this chapter explores a leitmotif in Kaléko’s poetry that the refugee is perpetually trapped in a Niemandsland, an in-between space that she refers to as Nirgendland. The four chapters of this dissertation explore the varying implications of legal erasure and statelessness for the refugee’s sense of belonging in the world, proving that the existence of the refugee in the space of the in-between, the space in which the legal, physical and socio-cultural Niemandsländer of exile overlap and coalesce, has profound implications for the refugee’s notions of identity, of his sense of belonging and place in the world.Publication Input Processing and the Teaching of German Two-way Prepositions(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) DeHaven, Michael Ross; Vyatkina, Nina; Comer, William J; Keel, William D; Vanchena, Lorie A; Wallo, OleksandraA number of studies in the last twenty years have focused on the input processing principles related to VanPatten’s approach to teaching grammar known as Processing Instruction (VanPatten and Cadierno, 1993; VanPatten, 2004; VanPatten, 2007; Lee and Benati, 2009). One of the principles, known as the Lexical Preference Principle (LPP), states that learners will tend to process lexical items over grammar structures when both convey the same information. This study seeks to contribute to the studies investigating this principle by examining whether the presence or absence of redundant lexical cues contributes to or inhibits the learning of German two-way prepositions. Sixty-four participants from ten intact second-semester German classes in three separate semesters at a large, public, mid-western University were assigned to two treatment groups: one where redundant lexical cues were not removed from input-processing exercises following explicit instruction and strategy training (+LC; n=32) and one where those lexical cues were removed from the exercises (-LC; n=32). Participant gains were measured using a pre-test/post-test design surrounding a two-day treatment focusing on German two-way prepositions that was provided to all participants. Quantitative analysis of the test scores reveals no significant difference between treatment groups, suggesting that the experimental condition (+/-LC) had no effect on learning. Think-aloud protocols were collected during the post-test in order to gather data about the extent to which participants were applying the explicit information provided and were making proper form-meaning connections for the target structure. The data collected from these protocols is examined from the perspective of input processing in general and the theoretical framework known as Modular Online Growth and Use of Language (MOGUL) (Truscott and Sharwood Smith, 2004a, 2004b, 2011; Sharwood Smith and Truscott, 2014). Qualitative analysis of these protocols reveals difficulties learners encountered with the German case system that caused difficulties interpreting two-way prepositions. This study contributes to instructed SLA in German by demonstrating the effectiveness of the input processing approach to teaching German grammar. It also reveals possible weaknesses in typical teaching practices. Suggestions are made to address these weaknesses and future research directions are offered to address them.Publication The didactic element in Hartmann's Der Arme Heinrich(University of Kansas, 1929) Foote, AlbertPublication Das planzenreich in Go?thes Gedichten von 1771, bis 1786(University of Kansas, 1916) Funk, Peter CorneliusPublication Ein vergleich zwischen Schillers Kabale und Liebe, Hebbels Maria Magdalena und Sudermanns Die Ehre(University of Kansas, 1915) Magerkurth, Helen Conradine