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Publication Die Distribution von Heteronymen in den resianischen Mundarten(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2003-01-01) Steenwijk, HanSVN: Rezijansko besedišče vsebuje toliko kontaktnih sopomenk, da njihova navzočnost ne more biti brez pomena za narečno geografijo rezijanskega področja. Ker je zgodovinski proces nadomeščanja enega leksema z drugim, kot je splošno znano, težko razložljiv s čisto jezikoslovnimi sredstvi in ker je z jezikoslovnega stališča na videz veliko odvisno od naključja, v tem primeru vključujemo statistiko kot vedo, ki je lahko kos navideznemu naključju. Binominalna distribucija izoglos kaže, da med 14 mogočimi izoglosnimi tipi le pri šestih ugotovljena pogostnost ne more biti rezultat golega naključja. To je dodatni dokaz osnovne delitve na zahodno (Bila/Njiva) in vzhodno (Osojane/Solbica) narečno skupino, kaže pa tudi na obstoj narečnozemljepisnih enot Bila, Osojane in Solbica. Dejstvo, da v tem primeru vas Njiva ne izstopa kot samostojna enota, je morda povezano s poročnimi vzorci, ki so v tej vasi prevladovali v letih 1745–1905. Pričujoča analiza pa zavrača tudi temeljno delitev na tri skupine (Bila, Njiva/Solbica, Osojane), ki jo je predložil Baudouin de Courtenay 1875 (113–114). Če upoštevamo etimologijo, postane jasno, da je delež romanskih izposojenk občutno večji v vasi Bila na skrajnem zahodu doline kot v vasi Solbica na skrajnem vzhodu. Vendar romanski vpliv na rezijanščino verjetno ni povzročil narečnozemljepisne delitve področja. ENG: The Resian lexicon contains a number of heteronyms that is by no means insignificant for the dialect geography of the Resian area. As the diachronic process of substitution of one lexeme by another is notably hard to explain with purely linguistic means and much, at least from a linguistic point of view, seems to depend on coincidence, statistics is called upon in order to obtain a framework that can deal with apparent coincidence. The binominal distribution of the isoglosses shows that of the 14 possible isogloss types the attested frequence of occurrence of only six of these types cannot be the result of mere coincidence. This is additional proof for the basic division into a western (San Giorgio/Gniva) and an eastern (Oseacco/Stolvizza) dialect group, but also shows that the varieties of San Giorgio, Oseacco and Stolvizza are distinct dialect-geographical entities. The fact that Gniva does not emerge as a distinct entity on this account may be correlated with the marriage pattern that prevailed in this village during the period 1745–1905. On the other hand, the basic division proposed by Baudouin de Courtenay 1875 (113–114) into three groups (San Giorgio; Gniva/Stolvizza; Oseacco) is refuted by this analysis. With respect to etymology it appears that the presence of Romance loans is significantly higher in the westernmost village of San Giorgio than in the easternmost village of Stolvizza. The Romance influence on Resian, however, does not seem to be the cause for the dialect-geographical division of the area.Publication (Review) Han Steenwijk, Ortografia Resiana / Tö jost rozajanskë pisanjë(Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU; Hall Center for the Humanities, University of Kansas, 2003-01-01) Dapit, RobertoReview of Han Steenwijk's proposed orthography for standard Resian (dialect) Slovene. Ocena predlaganega pravopisa za rezijansko narečje.Publication Review of: William W. Derbyshire (with the help of Marta Pirnat-Greenberg), A Learner's Dictionary of Slovene: with Words in their Inflected Forms(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Jurko, PrimožPublication Jezikovne spremembe s stališča novih besed(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Bokal, LjudmilaENGLISH: Proceeding from general points of departure concerning the understanding of linguistic change, the paper concentrates on semantic change and analyzes various language-internal and language-external viewpoints of its origin. It then goes into the definitions of new words as they are presented in various foreign and domestic lexicographical and linguistic handbooks and literature. Then an overview of the literature on new words in Slovene linguistics is given. Particular attention is paid to their treatment in Slovene dictionaries. This general theoretical treatment is augmented by a concrete analysis of the word-formational characteristics of new words from the viewpoint of the source of the parts of the morphemes. In derivation all combinations are possible: 1. a native base combines with a native formant (ustvarljiv ‘realizable’, častnica ‘officer (fem.)’) or a borrowed on (lučkar ‘lighting operator’, ognjiščar ‘member of the Focolare Movement’); 2. a borrowed base is combined with a borrowed formant (golfist ‘golfer’, surfist ‘surfer’); 3. a borrowed base combines with a native formant (babysitterka ‘babysitter (fem.)’, mafijec ‘Mafia member’). In another type of word-formation, prefixation, certain prefixes with certain word classes are particulary productive, e.g., the prefix do- with verbs (doformulirati ‘to complete the formulation of something’, dooblikovati ‘to complete the making/formation of something’) and po- with adjectives (posmučarski ‘après-ski’, pobolnišničen ‘recuperating after a stay in the hospital’). In compounding, too, all combinatory possibilities are realized with respect to the source of the morphemes. Compounds with the first element avto , bio , eko , samo are especially productive. Word-formational types that live in the consciousness of every speaker contain unlimited possibilities for the production of new words. Another productive is the new word-classificational role of words already in use, especially as concerns the formation of adverbs derived from adjectives. The paper concludes with a treatment of new words in the process of grammaticalization, i.e., the inclusion of new words into the grammatical system, by which words enter the process of acquiring predictable and typical grammatical properties. At the same time there exists the possibility that in the integration into the lexica and grammatical system, irregularities arise, e.g., pomelo : pomel ‘pomelo’, aromaterapija : aromoterapija ‘aromatherapy’, Windows : Windowsi ‘Windows’. In conclusion, new words are in a number of ways a relatively inconsistent and, from the point of view of denotational power, a relevant category of the lexicon from which the core of a given language is fed. At the same time, various cultural influences may be observed, thus this is an important source of material for sociolinguistic inquiry. SLOVENE: Sestavek se iz splošnih izhodišč, ki zadevajo razumevanje jezikovnih sprememb, osredotoča na semantična in razčlenjuje različne notranje- in zunajjezikovne vidike njihovega nastanka. Potem preide v definicije novih besed, kakor se kažejo v različnih tujih in domačih leksikografskih in jezikoslovnih priročnikih in literaturi. Sledi pregled literature o novih besedah v slovenskem jezikoslovju. Posebna pozornost je namenjena njihovi obravnavi v slovenskih slovarjih. To splošno teoretično obravnavo dopolnjuje konkretna razčlenitev besedotvornih značilnosti novih besed s stališča izvora morfemskih delov. Pri izpeljevanju so mogoče vse kombinacije: 1. k domači osnovi se dodaja domače priponsko obrazilo (ustvarljiv, častnica) ali prevzeto (lučkar, ognjiščar); 2. k prevzeti osnovi se dodaja prevzeto priponsko obrazilo (golfist, surfist), 3. k prevzeti osnovi se doda domače priponsko obrazilo (babysitterka, mafijec). Pri drugi besedotvorni vrsti, sestavljanju, se kaže posebna produktivnost določenih predpon pri posamezni besedni vrsti, na primer predpona do- pri glagolu (doformulirati, dooblikovati) in po- pri pridevniku (posmučarski, pobolnišničen). Tudi pri zloženkah se pojavljajo vse možnosti kombiniranja morfemskih delov glede na izvor. Posebno pogoste so nove zloženke s prvim delom avto , bio , eko , samo . Besedotvorne vrste, ki jih ima v zavesti vsak govoreči, vsebujejo neomejene možnosti nastajanja novih besed. Produktivna je tudi nova besednovrstna vloga že uveljavljenih besed, zlasti oblikovanje prislovov, ki so izpeljani iz pridevnikov. Sestavek se konča z obravnavanjem novih besed v procesu gramatikalizacije, to je umeščanja novih besed v slovnični sistem, s čimer besede vstopajo v postopek pridobivanja predvidljivih in vzorčno tipiziranih slovničnih lastnosti. Pri tem obstaja možnost, da nove besede ob včlenjevanju v leksikalni in slovnični sistem odstopajo od regularnih jezikovnih zakonitosti (pomelo : pomel, aromaterapija : aromoterapija, Windows : Windowsi). Nove besede so tako z več vidikov razmeroma neustaljena, a stališča poimenovalne moči relevantna kategorija leksike, iz katere se napaja jedrni del določenega jezika. Hkrati je v njih mogoče opazovati različne kulturne vplive, zato so tudi pomemben vir za sociolingvistične študije.Publication Henrik Birnbaum–Remembering a Great Teacher(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Greenberg, Marc L.A brief overview of the life and work of the Slavist Henrik Birnbaum, (b. December 13, 1925, Breslau/Wrocław; d. April 26, 2002, Los Angeles).Publication Review of Marc L. Greenberg, Zgodovinsko glasoslovje slovenskega jezika(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Jesenšek, MarkoPublication A Preliminary Report on Dialectological Fieldwork in Northwestern Croatia: Brezova Gora and the Croatian-Slovene Dialect Continuum(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Lundberg, Grant H.ENGLISH: One of the more interesting questions in Western South Slavic dialectology is the relationship, both historical and modern, between the dialects of the Slovene and the Kajkavian Croatian speech territories. The debate over the origin and genetic relationship between these dialect regions goes back to Dobrovský in the early 19th century and was carried on by such scholars as of Belić, Ramovš, Ivšić, and more recently by Ivić, Vermeer and Greenberg. Contemporary Slavic linguists agree that the dialects of the Slovene and Kajkavian speech territories are part of a dialect continuum with almost all of the isoglosses which unite them being archaisms rather than shared innovations. Although it is clear that this is a dialect continuum, the political border between Slovenia and Croatia has had an important influence on dialect development in this area. This paper is a contribution to the pool of dialect data from the border region. It provides a brief description of the phonemic inventory of the Croatian village dialect of Mohenski in Brezova Gora. It also reports on developments in the prosodic system based on a spectrographic analysis of tonal oppositions in this dialect and compares the situation in Mohenski to the dialects just across the border in Slovenia. Based on the dialect forms in this study, Mohenski has much more in common with Kajkavian than with Pannonian Slovene dialects. (1) It has the merger of the jat and the jers, 'liet, 'dien. (2) The reflex of Common Slavic *o is distinct from that of the reflexes of Common Slavic *“ and *è, which have merged in u, ke'koši, but 'puno and peosudili. Mohenski also exhibits several of Vermeer’s secondary Kajkavian features, all of which it also shares with Bednja. (1) It has a velarized a. (2) The reflex of the jat is distinct from i and e. (3) The reflex of Common Slavic *o is fronted to e. (4) The reflex of the jat is a diphthong with rising sonority, ie. All prosodic oppositions including quantity oppositions have been lost in Mohenski. This is based on the author’s perception as well as an instrumental analysis. There is almost no circumflex advancement in this dialect. As would be expected for a Kajkavian dialect, there is no advancement onto open syllables. This is true no matter what the relative syllable weight of the word is, 'mäso, 'kosti, 'bili, 'bilo, d'rievo. Additional dialect descriptions from this area are needed in order to more specifically locate the isoglosses of circumflex advancement and tone loss in this part of the Slovene-Croatian dialect continuum. SLOVENE: Eno od zanimivejših vprašanj v zahodni južnoslovanski dialektologiji je tako zgodovinsko kot sodobno razmerje med govori slovenskega in hrvaškega kajkavskega jezikovnega ozemlja. Razpravljanje o izvoru in sorodnosti teh govorov sega v začetek 19. stoletja k Dobrovskemu, nadaljevali so ga Belić, Ramovš, Ivšić, v novejšem času pa Ivić, Vermeer in Greenberg. Današnji slovanski jezikoslovci se strinjajo v ugotovitvi, da so govori slovenskega in kajkavskega jezikovnega ozemlja del narečnega kontinuuma, v katerem so skoraj vse izoglose, ki povezujejo ta dva dela, arhaizmi in ne skupne inovacije. Čeprav je jasno, da gre za narečni kontinuum, pa je imela politična meja med Slovenijo in Hrvaško pomemben vpliv na razvoj narečij tega področja. Pričujoča razprava je prispevek v zbirko narečnega gradiva z mejnega področja. Podaja kratek opis glasovnega inventarja hrvaške vasi Mohenski v Brezovi Gori. Na osnovi spektografske analize tonemskih nasprotij v tem govori avtor poroča tudi o razvoju prozodičnega sistema ter stanje v govoru Mohenskega primerja z govori na slovenski strani meje. Narečne oblike iz te raziskave kažejo, da ima govor Mohenskega veliko več skupnega s kajkavskimi kot s slovenskimi panonskimi govori: (1) sovpad jata s polglasnikoma, npr. 'liet, 'dien; (2) refleks psl. *o se razlikuje od refleksov psl. *“ in *è, ki sta sovpadla v u, npr. ke'koši, vendar 'puno in pe'sudili. Govor Mohenskega izkazuje tudi nekatere Vermeerove drugotne kajkavske poteze, ki jih ima vse tudi govor Bednje: (1) zaokroženi a; (2) refleks jata se razlikuje od i in e; (3) refleks psl. *o se je pomaknil naprej v e; (4) refleks jata je dvoglasnik z rastočo zvočnostjo ie. Vsa prozodična nasprotja, vključno s kolikostnimi, so se v govoru Mohenskega izgubila. To opažanje temelji na avtorjevem slušnem vtisu in na strojni analizi. Govor skoraj ne pozna pomika cirkumfleksa. Kot bi bilo pričakovati za kajkavski govor, pomika na odprte zloge ni. To velja ne glede na relativno zložno težo besede, npr. 'mäso, 'kosti, 'bili, 'bilo, d'rievo. Za natančnejšo določitev izoglos pomika cirkumfleksa in izgube tonemskosti v tem delu slovensko-hrvaškega narečnega kontinuuma bodo potrebni dodatni opisi govorov s tega področja.Publication Slovensko vedno, zmeraj in sorodno(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Snoj, MarkoSLOVENE: Površen pogled na sloven. prislov vm§r ‘vedno, zmeraj’ lahko privede do zgrešene možnosti razlage, po kateri naj bi bila beseda tvorjena po zgledu istopomenske nem. immer, razumljene kot sestavljenke z in ‘v’, kar naj bi v sloven. prevedli z v, in nekega ne več prevedljivega elementa mer, ki naj bi v sloven. vm§r ostal nespremenjen. S tem se odpre možnost poiskati nem. jedro še istopomomenskim prislovom zmbraj, zmbrom in vbnomer. Tako razmišljanje je zgrešeno, saj si zaradi enega osamljenega indica zakriva oči pred popolnoma drugačno celotno sliko. Nemški prislov immer seveda ni sestavljenka s prvim členom iz nem. in, temveč je sklop iz srvnem. iemmer < stvnem. iommēr, kar vsebuje srvnem. io < stvnem. eo ‘vedno’, to pa onemogoča paretimološko navezavo na nem. in ‘v’ in s tem tako domnevno razumevanje sloven. tvorca prislova vm§r. Ključ za rešitev tega in sorodnih sloven. prislovov je Miklošičeva razlaga prislova venombr iz sklopa *vъ edьn msrь, pri čemer *msrь, ki se ohranja v nar. sloven. mbr, rod. mer£, pomeni ‘smer’. K semantičnemu razvoju prim. nem. in einem fort ‘neprestano’ s fort ‘naprej’, pa tudi sloven. kar naprej ‘neprenehoma, stalno, vedno’. Zveza *vъ edьn msrь se je eliptično skrajšala na dva načina: z odpadom prilastka dobimo vm§r, z odpadom jedra pa *vednÓ. Nadaljnja obrusitev je znana v sloven. reduplicirani zvezi v§n in v§n ‘kar naprej, vedno’. S predlogom *vъz je tvorjen prislov sloven. zmbr ‘vedno’, hrv. kajk. vúzmer < *vъz (edьn) msrь. Iz akcentske analize prislova vadno, še bolj obvezujoče pa iz istopomenskih prislovov namiru/namiri, namirom, zmbraj, zmbrom, hrv. čak. sm¥ron in kajk. zmirom je treba sklepati na tematski samostalnik *(-)měrъ moškega spola. Medtem ko je i-jevski samostalnik *msrь ‘smer’ postverbal nesestavljenega strelskega termina *mriti ‘usmerjati orožje proti cilju’ < ‘delati mero’, so navedeni prislovi najlažje razložljivi kot otrdeli mestnik, rodilnik oz. orodnik postverbalov sestavljenih dovršnikov *namriti oz. *sъmriti ‘nameriti, določiti smer’. Tematski postverbal iz *sъmriti se kot samostalnik ohranja v češ. směr ‘smer’, od koder je v 19. stol. prevzeto sloven. smbr in hrv. smj^r. ENGLISH: A first glance at the Slov. adverb vm§r ‘always’ can lead to an incorrect interpretation according to which the word is formed on the model of the synonymous German immer, understood as a compound of in ‘in’, calqued as Slov. v, and a now untranslatable element mer, which would have remained unaltered in Slovene vm§r. This then opens the possibility of seeking a German starting point for the synonymous adverbs zmbraj, zmbrom and vbnomer. This view is incorrect, as the circumstantial evidence obscures the full picture, which is completely different. The Germ. adverb immer is clearly not a compound containing the first element from Germ. in, but is rather a concatenation from MHG iemmer < OHG iommēr, containing MHG io < OHG eo ‘always’, which precludes a paraetymological connection with Germ. in ‘in’ as well as with the presumed interpretation of the Slovene formant of the adverb vm§r. The key to the solution of this and related Slovene adverbs is found in Miklošič’s explanation of the adverb venombr from the concatenation of *vъ edьn msrь, in which *msrь, is preserved in Slov. dial. mbr, gen. mer£, meaning ‘direction’. As to the semantic devlopment, cf. Germ. in einem fort ‘constantly’ with fort ‘forward, ahead’, as well as Slov. kar naprej ‘continually, constantly, always’. The concatenation *vъ edьn msrь became elliptically shortened in two ways: with the loss of the attribute the result is vm§r, the loss of the head results in *vednÓ. Further shortening is found in the Slov. reduplicated syntagm v§n in v§n ‘constantly, always’. The addition of the prefix *vъz forms the Slov. adverb zmbr ‘always’, Cr. Kajk. vúzmer < *vъz (edьn) msrь. An accentological analysis of the adverb vadno, as well as the more compelling synonymous adverbs namiru/namiri, namirom, zmbraj, zmbrom, Cr. Čak. sm¥ron and Kajk. zmirom points to a thematic masculine noun in *(-)měrъ. While the i-stem noun *msrь ‘direction’ is a postverbal of the non-compound marksmanship term *mriti ‘to direct a weapon at a target’ < ‘to take aim’, the adverbs adduced can be most easily explained as fossilized locative, genitive, or instrumental postverbals of the compound perfectives *namriti or *sъmriti ‘to aim, to determine a direction’. The thematic postverbal from *sъmriti is preserved as a noun in Cz. směr ‘direction’, from which Slov. smbr and Cr. smj^r were borrowed in the nineteenth century.Publication Murko’s Lexicology as a Synthesis of Linguistics and Ethnology(ZRC SAZU / Hall Center for the Humanities, 2003-01-01) Žele, AndrejaSLOVENE: Matija Murko je bil slovanski filolog v najširšem pomenu — zanimali so ga kulturni pojavi in problemi vsega slovanskega sveta. Poleg tega, da je bil priznan jezikoslovec, je deloval tudi na širokem področju slovanske etnologije. Prav zaradi strokovne širine je njegovo jezikoslovno in etnološko delovanje mogoče ovrednotiti tudi z leksikološkega vidika, čeprav je izraz leksikologija oz. leksikografija v zvezi s svojim delom redko eksplicitno uporabil, npr. v Belićevem zborniku je leta 1937 izšla razprava Glagol knaditi s podnaslovom Prilog leksikografiji i proučavanju narodne epike. Prispevek z leksikološkim izhodiščem skuša Matijo Murka predstaviti predvsem kot jezikoslovca, ki je v svojih razpravah, največkrat z zgledi iz slovanskih ljudskih pesmi, problemsko a) ovrednotil jezikoslovne, predvsem etimološke, dialektološke, pa tudi nekatere pravopisne, razlage/rešitve svojih dveh učiteljev F. Miklošiča in V. Jagića, pa tudi V. Oblaka, J. Kollárja in K. Štreklja, npr. v razpravah Prvi usporeрivaći sanskrita sa slovenskim jezicima (1897), Kollárova vzájemnost slovanská (1893), Eine Jacob Grimm fälschlich zugeschriebene Rezension serbischer Volkslieder (1904); b) predstavil in ovrednotil slovarsko delo V. Karadžića, A. Murka, F. Miklošiča; c) povezoval vprašanja slovenske terminologije in jezikovne zvrstnosti z jezikovno politiko, npr. v člankih Slovenski jezik v Jugoslaviji (1922), Jméno »Jugoslavija« (1929); č) proučeval upravičenost/ustreznost uporabe slovenske in slovanske leksike v slovenskih, hrvaških in srbskih ljudskih pesmih, npr. v člankih Tragom naše narodne epike (1931), Zgodovinski podatki o slovenskih narodnih pesmih (1937); sem sodijo še obravnave, tudi etimološke, slovenske leksike pri predstavljanju t. i. materialne kulture, npr. v članku o slovenski hiši. ENGLISH: Matija Murko was a Slavic philologist in the broadest sense, having interested himself in cultural phenomena and problems of the entire Slavic world. Moreover, he was a ranking linguist active also in the field of Slavic ethnology. Because of his wide-ranging expertise, his linguistic and ethnological activity can be evaluated from the perspective of lexicology. However, he rarely used the term lexicology or lexicography explicitly, e.g., his article in the 1937 Belićev zbornik, “Glagol knaditi,” was followed by the subtitle “Prilog leksikografiji i proučavanju narodne epike.” Matija Murko primarily as a linguist who in his articles mostly employed examples from Slavic folk verse to treat: a. linguistic (mostly etymological), dialectological, as well as certain orthographic solutions of his two mentors, F. Miklošič and V. Jagić, as well as V. Oblak, J. Kollár, and K. Štrekelj, e.g., “Prvi usporeрivaći sanskrita sa slovenskim jezicima” (1897), “Kollárova vzájemnost slovanská” (1893), “Eine Jacob Grimm fälschlich zugeschriebene Rezension serbischer Volkslieder” (1904); b. the presentation and evaluation of the dictionary work of V. Karadžić, A. Murko, and F. Miklošič; c. the connection of Slovene terminology and linguistic genre to language policy, e.g., in his articles “Slovenski jezik v Jugoslaviji” (1922), “Jméno ‘Jugoslavija”‘ (1929); d. the study of the appropriateness of the use of Slovene and Slavonic lexicon in Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian folk verse, e.g., in his article “Tragom naše narodne epike” (1931), “Zgodovinski podatki o slovenskih narodnih pesmih” (1937). To this category belong his treatments, including etymologies, of Slovene lexicon in the presentation of material culture, e.g., in his article on the Slovene house.