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Publication The Resurgence of the Choctaws in the Twentieth Century(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Kidwell, Clara SueAfter the Civil War, the Choctaw Nation experienced a rapid transition from a cultural, tribal identity to a political, national one. Railroads and white entrepreneurs entered its territory and propelled it into a market driven economy. Individual monetary interests conflicted with communal property rights, and allotment of tribal land finally destroyed the Nation's land base. The dissolution of the tribal government with Oklahoma statehood would have destroyed the nation altogether except for the need to oversee the final disposition of tribal land, coal and timber resources. Long-term coal leases meant that the government had to maintain a semblance of fiduciary responsibility to the Choctaw Nation. In 1959 the appointed Choctaw Chief attempted to have the relationship between the Nation and the federal government terminated without losing services to tribal members. The termination legislation passed, but services were lost as well, and a groundswell of opposition to termination in the 1960s, including a significant and vocal group of urban based Choctaws, led to a resurgence of national, political Choctaw identity and the repeal of termination.Publication Ann Rinaldi's My Heart Is on the Ground as Literary Colonization of Zitkala-Sa's American Indian Stories(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Wilkinson, ElizabethColonization of literature and subsequent literary misrepresentation, like so many other injustices perpetrated by Europeans and then Euro-Americans, is a legacy lasting into present day. Stories authored by members of the dominant culture about Indigenous peoples have created a "reality" that is an appropriation, misinterpretation, and misrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in written texts and have become one of several battlefields on which Indigenous peoples are forced to wage war for the continuation of their lives and authentic cultures. Children's book author, Ann Rinaldi, continues this legacy of literary colonization with her text, My Heart Is on the Ground, in which she blatantly uses and perverts the writings of Zitkala-Sa's (Gertrude Bonin) American Indian Stories, a collections of essays published in 1901.Publication Delaware Identity in the Cherokee Nation(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Haake, ClaudiaThis article examines how the Delawares responded to the challenges that living among the Cherokees posed to their identity. It also focuses on the question of how this forced co-residence developed and what the United States role in the matter was. The multifaceted threats to Delaware identity are at the center of the article, as are the responses and strategies applied by various factions of the Delaware tribe in reaction to those challenges. The different strategies and their motivations are analyzed, along with the effects they had on the tribe, its unity, and its communal identity. By focusing specifically on matters of land tenure, legal identity, internal strife between modernists and traditionalists, the article explains why Delaware tribal identity managed to survive after having been at the brink of disaster and why both of these developments are intrinsically linked to the forced co-residence with the Cherokees.Publication Indigenous Nations Journal, Volume 3, Number 1 (Spring, 2002): Book Reviews(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01)Publication Indian Studies at the University of North Dakota(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Gagnon, GregoryPublication Connected to the Land: Nature and Spirit in the Novels of Louis Owens(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Pierotti, RaymondMany authors who have contributed significantly to Native American writing are mixed bloods, because such individuals are invariably the ones who will initially engage the dominant culture. The mixed cultural experiences and traditions of these individuals predispose them to working in art forms that do not arise from tribal cultural traditions. Louis Owens, a Choctaw-Cherokee and Irish writer and scholar was especially effective in presenting clear images of what it means to be of mixed blood. Owens evoked a sense of Indigenous tradition and identity as a means of coping with events taking place outside of tribal culture. One of his strengths was his ability to incorporate the physical landscape and the non-human elements of the community as vital presences into his writing. Owens also integrated the spirit world very effectively into his writing. To the Indigenous reader this means that elements that are important to Indigenous identity, but often ignored by most writers, including other Indian writers, are allowed to become important elements of the story. These concepts are explored with examples drawn from the five novels Owens published during his life.Publication Indigenous Nations Journal, Volume 3, Number 1 (Spring, 2002): Front Matter(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01)Publication Tribal Decision-Making and Intercultural Relations: Crow Creek Agency, 1863-1885(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Galler, RobertLower Yanktonai residents experienced great change during the first two decades at the Crow Creek agency in Dakota Territory. This essay traces the evolution of relations between tribal members, federal agents, and missionaries during these times of cultural confusion on the eastern side of the Missouri River. It shows how Yanktonai leaders helped their people negotiate complex intercultural relations through adaptation and resistance. Ethnohistorical analysis of agency reports and missionary accounts reveals that even when Crow Creek families acted in ways that seemed consistent with federal assimilation policy, their actions were often part of the larger Yanktonai agenda of cultural persistence.Publication Cell-Phones and Spears: Indigenous Cultural Transition Within the Maasai of East Africa(Global Indigenous Nations Studies Program, University of Kansas: http://www.indigenous.ku.edu, 2002-03-01) Summitt, April R.The Maasai of East Africa are excellent examples of Indigenous culture in transition. In spite of pressure from the outside, Maasai currently maintain their cultural identity to choose which parts of western culture and modernity they accept or reject. The major issues they now confront are Christianity, Education, Technology, and Tourism. Education is likely the most catalytic for long-term cultural change from the outside, but tourism is the most pressing of these issues. This article is not a study of colonized domination or the imposition of change from the outside~in, but of the internal dialogue among Indigenous people themselves about their relationship with the western world. It reveals a surprising degree of cultural autonomy and a dynamic culture that is adjusting to a new, globalizing world.