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Publication Accurately detecting AI text when ChatGPT is told to write like a chemist(US Department of Health and Human Services, 2023-11-11) Hua, DavidLarge language models like ChatGPT can generate authentic-seeming text at lightning speed, but many journal publishers reject language models as authors on manuscripts. Thus, a means to accurately distinguish human-generated from artificial intelligence (AI)-generated text is immediately needed. We recently developed an accurate AI text detector for scientific journals and, herein, test its ability in a variety of challenging situations, including on human text from a wide variety of chemistry journals, on AI text from the most advanced publicly available language model (GPT-4), and, most important, on AI text generated using prompts designed to obfuscate AI use. In all cases, AI and human text was assigned with high accuracy. ChatGPT-generated text can be readily detected in chemistry journals; this advance is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding how automated text generation will impact scientific publishing from now into the future.Publication Notes on the Permian kalenterid Bivalvia genus Netschajewia Licharev, 1925 and related forms(Paleontological Institute, 2022-08-30) Fang, Zong-jie; Carter, Joseph G.The identity of the Permian kalenterid Netschajewia Licharev, 1925 has been uncertain because its author indicated it could be regarded as a replacement name for the preoccupied Modiolodon Netschajew, 1894 yet Newell (1957) treated Netschajewia as a subgenus of Stutchburia Etheridge Jr., 1900, and designated a type species different from that proposed by La Rocque and Newell (1969) for Modiolodon Netschajew. Netschajewia is confirmed as a replacement name for Modiolodon, thereby invalidating Newell’s (1957) erroneous type designation (misidentified type species) for Netschajewia. The names Ivanovia Astafieva-Urbajtis in Astafieva-Urbajtis and Ramovš, 1978 and Astafia Goncharova, 2013 are objective junior synonyms of Netschajewia. Netschajewia is definitely known only from its type species and one additional Permian species. It is assigned to the kalenterid subfamily Myoconchinae. The genus Verneuilnodon Fang & Carter, gen. nov. (subfamily Healeyinae Hautmann, 2008, reduced in rank herein from family Healeyidae) is proposed for Permian Mytilus (Modiola) pallasi de Verneuil, 1845, as restricted herein. The new Permian species, Kasimlara? antiqua (subfamily Healeyinae) is proposed. The wide circulation of Chavan’s (1969) republication of Newell’s (1957) erroneous type designation for Netschajewia means that modern references to this genus should be reevaluated.Publication Eromangateuthis n. gen., a new genus for a late Albian gladius-bearing giant octobrachian (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea)(Paleontological Institute, 2019-10-08) Fuchs, DirkA comparative analysis shows that the gladius morphology of Boreopeltis helgolandiae Engeser & Reitner, 1985 (Aptian), the type species of Boreopeltis Engeser & Reitner, 1985, Boreopeltis sagittata (Naef, 1921) (Tithonian), and Boreopeltis smithi Fuchs & Larson, 2011 (Cenomanian) is fundamentally different from Boreopeltis soniae Wade, 1993 (Aptian). I therefore propose Eromangateuthis n. gen. in order to accommodate Eromangateuthis soniae (Wade, 1993).Publication Ichnotaxonomy of the Cambrian Spence Shale Member of the Langston Formation, Wellsville Mountains, Northern Utah, USA(Paleontological Institute, 2018-05-17) Hammersburg, Sean Robert; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Robison, Richard A.The Spence Shale of northern Utah is the oldest North American middle Cambrian (~506–505 Ma) Burgess Shale-type (BST) deposit and, unlike previously thought for BST deposits, has a very diverse ichnofauna. Twenty-four ichnogenera and 35 ichnospecies were identified: Archaeonassa (A. fossulata and A. jamisoni isp. nov.), Arenicolites carbonaria, Aulichnites, Bergaueria (B. hemispherica and B.aff. perata), Conichnus conicus, Cruziana (C. barbata and C. problematica), Dimorphichnus, Diplichnites (D. cf. binatus, D. gouldi, andD.cf. govenderi), Gordia marnia, Gyrophyllites kwassizensis, Halopoa aff. imbricata, Lockeia siliquaria, Monomorphichnus (M. bilinearis,M.lineatus, and M. cf. multilineatus), Nereites cf. macleayi, Phycodes curvipalmatum, Phycosiphon incertum, Planolites (P. annularius, P.beverleyensis, and P. montanus), Protovirgularia (P. dichotoma and P. cf. pennatus), Rusophycus (R. carbonarius, R. cf. pudicus, and R. cf.cerecedensis), Sagittichnus lincki, Scolicia, Taenidium cf. satanassi, Teichichnus cf. nodosus, and Treptichnus (T. bifurcus, T. pedum, and T.vagans). The ichnofossils comprise three ichnocoenoses—Rusophycus-Cruziana, Sagittichnus, and Arenicolites-Conichnus—representingdwelling, deposit- and filter-feeding, grazing, locomotion, and predation behaviors of organisms (e.g., annelid worms and trilobites).Two ichnofossil associations are suggestive of predation: (1) Planolites terminating at a Rusophycus; and (2) Archaeonassa crosscuttinga Taenidium. The Spence Shale ichnofauna represent a distal Cruziana Ichnofacies and depauperate, distal Skolithos Ichnofacies. Anew ichnospecies of Archaeonassa is proposed, A. jamisoni isp. nov., and Ptychoplasma (Protovirgularia) vagans is herein transferred toTreptichnus. This study is the first ichnotaxonomic study of the Spence Shale and North American BST deposits and shows highlydiverse ichnofaunas can be present in BST deposits.Publication Stevensites, Zittelites, and Gyrophylloceras, new generic names proposed for Stevensia Énay, 2009, Zittelia Tavera Benitez, 1985, and Gyrophyllites Wiedmann, 1963 (Mollusca: Ammonoidea)(Paleontological Institute, 2018-04-19) Énay, Raymond; Howarth, Michael K.Stevensites, Zittelites, and Gyrophylloceras are proposed as replacement names for the preoccupied ammonite genera Stevensia Énay, 2009, Zittelia Tavera Benitez, 1985, and Gyrophyllites Wiedmann, 1963, respectively.Publication Efficient Ornamentation in Ordovician Anthaspidellid Sponges(Paleontological Institute, 2017-08-09) Church, Stephen B.Lithistid orchoclad sponges within the family Anthaspidellidae Ulrich in Miller, 1889 include several genera that added ornate features to their outer-wall surfaces during Early Ordovician sponge radiation. Ornamented anthaspidellid sponges commonly constructed annulated or irregularly to regularly spaced transverse ridge-and-trough features on their outer-wall surfaces without proportionately increasing the size of their internal wall or gastral surfaces. This efficient technique of modifying only the sponge’s outer surface without enlarging its entire skeletal frame conserved the sponge’s constructional energy while increasing outer-wall surface-to-fluid exposure for greater intake of nutrient bearing currents. Sponges with widely spaced ridge-and-trough ornament dimensions predominated in high-energy settings. Widely spaced ridges and troughs may have given the sponge hydrodynamic benefits in high wave force settings. Ornamented sponges with narrowly spaced ridge-and-trough dimensions are found in high energy paleoenvironments but also occupied moderate to low-energy settings, where their surface-to-fluid exposure per unit area exceeded that of sponges with widely spaced surface ornamentations.Publication The Upper Oxfordian and Lower Kimmeridgian ammonite genera Idoceras Burckhardt, 1906, and Subnebrodites Spath, 1925(Paleontological Institute, 2017-03-09) Énay, Raymond; Howarth, Michael K.The type species of the genera Idoceras Burckhardt and Subnebrodites Spath are clarified in order to preserve the current universal usage of the Planula Zone in the Upper Oxfordian and the Balderus Zone in the Lower Kimmeridgian of the Submediterranean Province. To protect both zones, the identification of Ammonites planula Hehl in Zieten, 1830 in 1830–1833, is investigated and found to be a nomen nudum.Publication Corrigendum to: The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation(Paleontological Institute, 2016-12-02) DePalma, Robert A.; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Larson, Peter L.; Bakker, Robert T.Publication Takahashiceras – A new generic name proposed for Takahashia Matsumoto, 1984(Paleontological Institute, 2015-11-19) Hoffmann, René; Howarth, Michael K.We propose Takahashiceras as a replacement name for the pre-occupied Upper Cretaceous ammonite genus Takahashia Matsumoto 1984.Publication The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation(Paleontological Institute, 2015-10-30) DePalma, Robert A.; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Larson, Peter L.; Bakker, Robert T.Most dromaeosaurids were small- to medium-sized cursorial, scansorial, and arboreal, sometimes volant predators, but a comparatively small percentage grew to gigantic proportions. Only two such giant “raptors” have been described from North America. Here, we describe a new giant dromaeosaurid, Dakotaraptor steini gen. et sp. nov., from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. The discovery represents the first giant dromaeosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, and the most recent in the fossil record worldwide. A row of prominent ulnar papilli or “quill knobs” on the ulna is our first clear evidence for feather quills on a large dromaeosaurid forearm and impacts evolutionary reconstructions and functional morphology of such derived, typically flight-related features. The presence of this new predator expands our record of theropod diversity in latest Cretaceous Laramidia, and radically changes paleoecological reconstructions of the Hell Creek Formation.Publication A new rhizangiid genus from the Miocene of North America (Sclerangia n. gen.; Florida, USA)(Paleontological Institute, 2015-04-30) Baron-Szabo, Rosemarie; Cairns, Stephen D.The colonial rhizangiid genus Sclerangia n. gen. is described from the Miocene of the USA (Chipola Formation, Florida). The new genus is characterized by plocoid to subcerioid polyp integration, cylindrical to subcylindrical or tympanoid corallites, and an endotheca that is generally absent or made of a very small number of vesicular dissepiments. Compared to other rhizangiid genera, the new taxon is characterized by rather weakly dentate septa. In addition, the new genus differs from all the rhizangiid genera by its consistent encrustation of dead gastropod shells that are inhabited by sipunculid worms.Publication The paracladistic approach to phylogenetic taxonomy(Paleontological Institute, 2015-04-30) Carter, Joseph G.; Altaba, Cristian R.; Anderson, Laurie C.; Campbell, David; Fang, Zong-jie; Harries, Peter J.; Skelton, Peter W.The inclusion of some paraphyletic groups in a temporally and taxonomically comprehensive phylogenetic classification is inevitable because cladistic methodology is incapable of excluding the possibility that a structurally (i.e., based on the branching pattern of a given cladogram) monophyletic group contains the ancestor of another group, i.e., that it is historically paraphyletic. Paracladistics is proposed as a pragmatic synthesis of phylogenetic and evolutionary taxonomy in which true monophyly is distinguished from structural monophyly with historical paraphyly, some structurally paraphyletic groups are retained in the interest of nomenclatorial continuity and stability, and both unranked and suprageneric ranked taxon names are defined phylogenetically. Ancestral groups are structurally paraphyletic or structurally monophyletic but historically paraphyletic sets of species that are believed to contain the ancestor for the most recent common ancestor of a descendent group. Historical paraphyly is determined by considering evidence of nesting in cladistic analyses, timing of first appearances in the fossil record, polarity in character evolution, and taxa that are morphologically intermediate between groups of species. The decision to name an ancestral group is based on the same criteria as the decision to name a clade. Ancestral groups are defined in the same manner as clades, except that their descendent group(s) are designated as external specifiers. Recognizing that two supposedly monophyletic, cladistically defined sister taxa can represent ancestral and descendent groups has implications for inferring their times of origination. To illustrate the advantages of the paracladistic approach to phylogenetic taxonomy, alternative paracladistic and phylogenetic classifications of the crown group families of Nuculanoidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) are presented.Publication The correct taxon name, authorship, and publication date of extant ten-armed coleoids(Paleontological Institute, 2015-01-29) Hoffmann, RenéA variety of conflicting names with different authorship is available and has been repeatedly cited for living ten-armed coleoid cephalopods. Here, I review the primary literature and show the correct name, authorship, and date for ten-armed coleoids.Publication The extinct wasp family Serphitidae in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber (Hymenoptera)(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Engel, Michael S.; Perrichot, VincentA new species of the extinct genus Serphites Brues (Proctotrupomorpha: Bipetiolarida: Serphitidae) is described from two individuals preserved in Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber from Vendée, northwestern France. Serphites fannyae n. sp., is distinguished from its congeners and brief comments are made on the significance of finding a serphitid wasp in Vendean amber as well as potential character polarities in the family Serphitidae.Publication A new genus and species of pemphredonine wasp in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Bennett, Daniel J.; Perrichot, Vincent; Engel, Michael S.A new genus and species of pemphredonine wasp is described and figured in Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber from Vendée, in northwestern France. Menopsila dupeae n. gen. and sp., is based on a partial male preserved in a small sliver of translucent amber. The genus is placed incertae sedis within the Pemphredonini, as it intermingles features, likely plesiomorphies, of various lineages within the tribe. It likely represents a stem group to one or more of the constituent subtribes, yet it is arguably most similar to the Spilomenina.Publication New biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Choufani, Joanna; Perrichot, Vincent; Azar, Dany; Nel, AndréThe ceratopogonids from Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber of Vendée, in northwestern France, are studied. The new species Leptoconops (Leptoconops) gravesi n. sp., Leptoconops species undetermined, and Culicoides doyeni n. sp., are described, illustrated, and compared with other fossil species known for these two genera.Publication Youngest occurrence of the genus Microphorites (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): A new species in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Perrichot, Vincent; Engel, Michael S.A new species of the extinct genus Microphorites Hennig (Dolichopodidae: Microphorinae) is described from a single male preserved in Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) Vendean amber (NW France). Microphorites magaliae n. sp., is mostly characterized by large compound eyes, flagellomere I with base bulbous and abruptly tapering to slender apex, thorax strongly hump-backed, with numerous acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, including a pair of elongate posterior setae on the mesoscutum, mesoscutellum with two long strong setae, wing vein C terminating just beyond R4+5, and R4+5 approximately equidistant between R2+3 and M1 along wing margin. It is the latest occurrence of the genus which is otherwise known exclusively from Early to mid-Cretaceous amber of Lebanon, Spain, and southwestern France. The existing key to all species of Microphorites is modified to include the new species.Publication A new genus of dustywings (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Perrichot, Vincent; Garrouste, Romain; Azar, Dany; Néraudeau, Didier; Nel, AndréA new genus and species of Coniopterygidae is described from a female preserved in Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber of Vendée, in northwestern France. Garnaconis dupeorum Perrichot & Nel, n. gen. and sp., displays intermixing features between Aleuropteryginae and Coniopteryginae as currently defined, making its accurate phylogenetic placement difficult. It is tentatively placed in the Aleuropteryginae. A new practical key to the Mesozoic genera of dustywings is proposed.Publication A termite (Isoptera) in Late Cretaceous amber from Vendée, northwestern France(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Engel, Michael S.A new genus and species of primitive termite is described and figured from the remains of an alate in Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber from the Department of Vendée in northwestern France. Termitotron vendeense n. gen. and sp. is distinguished on the basis of its head and wing morphology and exhibits unique features in the mouthparts relative to other Cretaceous termite genera. Brief comments are made on its possible affinities among the “Meiatermes grade” of Euisoptera.Publication An earwig in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber (Dermaptera)(Paleontological Institute, 2014-12-01) Engel, Michael S.; Perrichot, VincentA new fossil earwig nymph is described and figured from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) amber of Vendée, northwestern France. Vendeenympha gravesi n. gen. and sp., is distinguished from previously recorded nymphs in other French fossil deposits and compared to modern lineages. This is the third record of earwig nymphs in French Cretaceous ambers. Keywords: Insecta, Neodermaptera, Labiduridae, Cretaceous, France