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Publication Place Identity Variation across Ages in a Hyper-Segregated Neighborhood: Wendell Phillips Neighborhood, Kansas City Missouri(Environmental Design Research Association, 2024-06-21) Raj, AakanchchaThis study explores and comprehends the intricacies of place identity within Wendel Phillips, a Kansas City, Missouri neighborhood established in unjust socio-economic conditions and racial segregation. Place identity embodies the subjective and emotive ties individuals or communities forge with a specific geographic location, encompassing personal meanings, emotions, memories, and symbolic affiliations. These elements significantly shape one's sense of belonging, attachment, and identification with a particular environment, intertwining with the construction of a distinct identity closely linked to the attributes of that place. The research methodology involved qualitative methods, including unstructured interviews, and mapping exercises, engaging 20 residents from diverse age groups (above 18 years old), genders, and residency durations within Wendel Phillips. This comprehensive approach aimed to straighten out how demographic variances influence the perception of identity within a shared environment characterized by similar challenges and aspirations. By amplifying the voices of the community, this study seeks to spotlight multifaceted perspectives, diverse familiarities, and future visions, ultimately proposing inclusive changes. Place identity plays a pivotal role in an individual's self-concept and their connection with the broader world, fostering a profound sense of belonging to a specific place or community. By scrutinizing a spectrum of personal perceptions across different ages and genders within the neighborhood, this research endeavors to reshape the prevailing narrative from suppression to optimism for the future. It emphasizes the profound impact of stories on shaping present perceptions and empowering the potential trajectory of the neighborhood. Recognizing the evolutionary nature of identity with perceptions, this study challenges the subjective essence of place identity. It sheds light on residents proposed future changes, offering a glimpse into transformative pathways within the community. By embracing diverse narratives, this research underlines the dynamic nature of identity within a shared space and the implications for future development. In essence, this study not only unties the complexities of place identity within a marginalized community but also advocates for a more inclusive and empowered future. By acknowledging and amplifying diverse perspectives, it paves the way for understanding the nuanced interplay between individual identities and the environment, envisioning a neighborhood that thrives on collective narratives and inclusive transformations.Publication Assessing user preferences for design characteristics of oral dissolvable strips for pediatric HIV medication: a qualitative study(Springer, 2023-10-16) Wexler, Catherine; Maloba, May; Sliefert, Michala; Babu, Shadrack; Maosa, Nicodemus; Maliski, Edward; Nicolay, Zachary; Were, Frederick; Mbithi, Yvonne; Mugendi, George; Thomas, Gregory; Acharya, Harshdeep; Finocchario-Kessler, SarahBackground Current infant antiretroviral therapy formulations pose barriers to daily adherence due to complex weight-based dosing, conspicuous preparation, and poor palatability. These adherence barriers jeopardize adherence, making patients vulnerable to virologic failure, development of drug resistance, and preventable mortality. Our team has previously established proof-of-principle for multi-drug oral dissolvable strips as alternative pediatric antiretroviral formulations with the potential to overcome these challenges and improve pediatric ART adherence and outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess caregiver and provider preferences for oral dissolvable strips and its packaging to inform its development. Methods Guided by concepts of user-centered design, we conducted key informant interviews with 30 HIV care providers and focus group discussions targeting caregivers of children < 10 years of age living with HIV at 3 Kenyan hospitals. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were audio recorded, translated/transcribed verbatim, and hand coded for a-priori and emergent themes. Results A total of 30 providers and 72 caregivers (caring for 83 children, aged 5 months to 18 years) participated in the study. Caregivers and providers expressed a strong desire for an easier way to administer medication, especially among children too young to swallow tablets whole, and expressed enthusiasm around the idea of oral dissolvable strips. Key preferences included a pleasant taste; one strip per dose; small size with rapid dissolution; clear markings and instructions; and no special storage requirements. For packaging, stakeholders preferred individually wrapped strips within a dispenser. The individual packaging should be durable, waterproof, and easy to dispose of in communal spaces. They should also be easy to open, with clear indications where to open. The packaging holding the strips should be durable, re-usable, accommodating of various refill frequencies, and easy to use for children as young as 6. Discussion The concept of oral dissolvable strips was highly acceptable to caregivers of children living with HIV and HIV care providers. By engaging stakeholders in an iterative design process starting from the early phases of design and development, we will maximize the likelihood of developing a product that is acceptable to the caregiver and infant, therefore leading to sustainable adherence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-023-10078-6.Publication ARCH 630: Emerging Ecologies: Architecture + the Rise of Environmentalism (Teaching module and presentation)(Department of Architecture, University of Kansas, 2024-03-02) Hampton, SuzanThe theme of this module is to discuss the political, cultural, and economic influences on the organic architecture movement and how this early green building movement from the 1960s-2000 continues to inform sustainable design today.Publication Built Environment and Population Health in Small-Town America (Supplementary materials)(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023) Rashid, MahbubPublication Students’ Static Activities in relation to Campus Quad Design and Layout: Exploring Gender-based Differences(City Space Architecture, 2020-01-31) Rashid, Mahbub; Obeidat, BushraThis study explores the relationships of campus quad design and layout with students’ static activities focusing on gender differences. Students’ static activities were observed at 8914 locations during 390 rounds of observation in six campus quads of a Middle Eastern university. The design and layout data of the quads were collected in the field, and using various techniques of “space syntax”. The relationships of static activities’ with the design and layout features of the quads were investigated using descriptive and correlational statistics. The results of the study indicate that different design and layout features had different relationships with different static activities; that students’ static activities had stronger relationships with natural design features than manmade design features; and that male students’ and female students’ static activities were affected differently by different design and layout features. The significance of these findings and the future directions of research are discussed.Publication Using Design Interventions to Develop Communication Solutions for Integrated Pest Management(Oxford University Press, 2020-07-13) Mueller, Daren S.; Stewart, Austin; Clifford, Ryan; Iles, Laura; Sisson, Adam J.; Staker, JayIowa State University’s (ISU) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program partnered with the ISU College of Design (COD) to use Design Thinking and other practical design methodologies and theories to identify and develop approaches to address IPM extension and communication issues. ISU IPM met with agriculture industry, program colleagues, and ISU COD faculty to discuss IPM-related needs in agriculture and to determine the program’s primary challenges. ISU COD faculty developed a two-semester course for undergraduate students, allocating various resources to solve these challenges. Undergraduates in the course, as the primary agents and problem solvers, developed various strategies the IPM program and its colleagues could implement. A model of interdisciplinary collaboration was developed, where design and science may function as equal partners in a design education setting. In our collaboration, the partners bought into a design-led process-based methodology that began with identifying IPM communication needs. This project resulted in unique design interventions to communicate IPM to stakeholders and the public, as well as created a model for interdisciplinary cooperation that can be exported to fields outside of agriculture and IPM.Publication The Plan Is The Program: Thomas Jefferson's Plan for the Rectilinear Survey Of 1784(1996) Rashid, MahbubThis paper studies the plan for the rectilinear survey of 1784 for the Northwest Territory of the United States contained in the Land Ordinance of 1784 authored by Thomas Jefferson in association with Hugh Williamson and others. Scholars have generally criticized the 1784 Plan for using "mathematical space" as opposed to "physical space" to facilitate land speculation. This paper suggests, however, that the plan for rectilinear survey offered a unique way to resolve the ideological tensions between the New Englanders and the Southerners for it incorporated elements of each one's survey system into it. The paper suggests that the 1784 Plan was a result of Jefferson's critical understanding of a great tradition of rectilinear land division system perfected by the Romans. Most importantly, this paper suggests that, in this 1784 Plan, Jefferson wanted to achieve a balance between classical ideals and the utilitarian attitudes of "scientific progressivism". Thus, it is quite plausible that Thomas Jefferson conceived the 1784 Plan for the rectilinear survey as a program to accommodate the unpredictable future of an emerging nation whose nature was yet to be defined.Publication Problems in Reconstituting the Traditional Urban Values in Contemporary Cities and the Role of the Boundary(International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments (IASTE), 1998) Rashid, MahbubCritics would commonly agree that in many contemporary cities wasteful modes of consumption, encouraged and facilitated by fantastic developments in technology, have significantly eroded the values of the traditional urban environment. Very often these contemporary cities would lack a sense of placeness, a vibrant public life, and a harmonious relationship between man and nature of the traditional urban environment. This paper studies why the configuration of the physical boundary may be used as an important tool in reconstituting these values in contemporary cities. It suggests that the boundary is not merely an abstract pattern of lines. Rather it is an integral constituent of the physical landscape whose importance lies in its intrinsic ethical values.Publication On Psychosocial Constructs in Office Settings: A Review of the Empirical Literature(2005) Rashid, MahbubThis paper reviews the empirical literature on the relationships between psychosocial constructs and office settings. The constructs included in the review are face-to face communication and interaction, privacy, territoriality, and control and supervision. The review shows that most empirical studies provide no rigorous analytic definition of a psychosocial construct. Instead, they treat a construct as a synthetic and relatively enduring quality of the internal office environment. Most empirical studies also lack rigorous experimental controls. As a result, they rarely explain any causal relationships between a psychosocial construct and office settings. Additionally, most studies do not involve different structural levels an office organization and their related psychological, social and cultural factors. The direct and indirect effects of different behavioral processes on the perception of a psychosocial construct are also not well studied in the empirical literature. Finally, even though the empirical literature emphasizes the importance of any differences between the desired and perceived levels of a psychosocial construct in dealing with satisfaction, performance or any other office outcomes, any objective measurement of a construct and its impacts on office outcomes remain unresolved in the literature.Publication Sedentary and Fleeting Activities and Their Spatial Correlates in Offices(2006-05) Rashid, MahbubIn this study of the relationships between knowledge worker activities and office design, two sets of activities - generically termed as fleeting and sedentary activities - are considered. Fleeting activities include walking (or movement), face-to-face interactions, and visible copresence (i.e., the number of people seen from a space or position). Sedentary activities include meeting, working on computer, talking on telephone, talking, writing, reading, paper handling, and pausing. We observe these activities in a moderately large landscaped office using two different methods. One is the Time Utilization Survey (TUS) method where the field observer observes both sedentary and fleeting activities from a set of points on a predefined route. The other is the “space syntax” method where the observer observes fleeting activities as she walks along an observation route. We investigate if the sedentary activities in well-defined spaces would have the same spatial predictors as the fleeting activities in ill-defined spaces. For this, we use two sets of spatial descriptors: One set includes integration and connectivity of spaces in a layout computed using the axial map analysis techniques of “space syntax”. The other set includes degree and closeness of individual workspaces in the network of visibility computed using the network analysis techniques. Our study shows that the fleeting activities are better predicted by integration and connectivity, while the sedentary activities are better predicted by degree and closeness. This finding is important for it suggests that we may need different spatial strategies to influence fleeting and sedentary activities in offices.Publication The Effects of Physical Design on Users’ Behavior and Perception in University Classrooms: A Pilot Study(2009-05) Rashid, MahbubUsers’ behavior and perception were evaluated in two university classrooms—one had a rigid layout with fixed furniture, and the other had a flexible layout with movable and adjustable furniture. One instructor taught the same course to the same group of students for about seven weeks in each classroom. In each classroom, users’ behaviors related to academic and non-academic activities were recorded during class sessions, and a questionnaire survey on users’ perception of classroom experience was conducted. Data show improvements for users’ behavior and perception in the classroom with flexible layout and movable and adjustable furniture. Limitations of the study and strategies to overcome these limitations are discussed.Publication Territory, politics of power, and physical spatial networks: The case of Baghdad, Iraq(Elsevier, 2015-12) Rashid, Mahbub; Alobaydi, DhirghamDespite our commonsense understanding of territory as a bounded region, some political aspects of territory can be better described as effects of physical spatial networks. To illustrate the point, we study territorial practices of power in Baghdad before and during the Iraq War that started in 2003. We use various techniques and measures of spatial networks provided by ‘space syntax’, because they have proven useful for describing the spatiality of social processes. We use Baghdad as a case study, because the territorial practices of power by the Ba'th regime favoring a Sunni minority and undermining a Shiite majority had existed in this city for decades before the Iraq war. These practices were upset and significant territorial changes occurred during the sectarian war in 2006 and 2007 at the time of US-led occupation of Iraq. We study the relationships between territorial practices and physical spatial networks before the war and during the war. Based on our findings, we conclude that spatial network dependency of territory and territoriality may exist under a dominant political system or even during a war when a dominant political system remains unclear. However, more studies are needed to generalize the findings of our study.Publication Evaluating Nurses’ Perception of Patient Safety Design Features in Intensive Care Units(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-01) Islam, Faria; Rashid, MahbubA methodological study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the patient safety (PS) scale developed by Rashid (2007) for evaluating nurses' perception of adult intensive care unit (ICU) design features related to patient safety. Data for the study were collected using a Web-based survey instrument. A link to the survey instrument was posted on the Web site of American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) for ICU nurses in different US states to participate. A sample of 587 valid responses was divided into 2 halves for cross-validation. The first half of the sample was used for exploratory factor analysis and the second half for confirmatory factor analysis. This method was applied to identify any latent factor structure in the PS scale. Based on the factor analyses, 4 relevant PS subscales—Efficient Work Process, Patient Room, Accessibility and Visibility, and Maintain Sterility—were identified. These PS subscales were used to investigate whether ICU unit characteristics, nurse characteristics, and hospital type affected nurses' perception of ICU design features in relation to patient safety. The study shows that nurses' perception of ICU design features related to patient safety can be influenced by such factors as nurse characteristics and unit characteristics. When using the scales, therefore, the designers can be aware of the influence of these external factors on nurses' perception. It is hoped that the PS subscales evaluating nurses' perception of ICU physical environmental features related to patient safety would help designers and health care personnel make better ICU design choices.Publication Perceptual Effects of Physical and Visual Accessibilities in Intensive Care Units: A Quasi-Experimental Study(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-04) Rashid, Mahbub; Khan, Nayma; Jones, BelindaThis article reports the findings of a 2-phase quasi-experimental study looking at the perceptual effects of physical and visual accessibilities on clinical staff in intensive care units (ICUs). In a previous CCNQ article by Rashid et al, the first phase of the study was reported comparing, among other things, physical and visual accessibilities and their associations with staff perception in 2 ICUs with the open-plan and racetrack-type layouts. The data for that phase of the study were collected in December 2014, which included the data on physical and visual accessibilities collected using the spatial analysis techniques of Space Syntax, and the data on staff perception collected using a questionnaire survey. Since then, the open-plan ICU has been completely redesigned using a layout composed of 4-bed pods (each dubbed as a HYPERPOD by the designer). However, the racetrack ICU has remained unchanged. In August 2016, more than years after the data for the first phase of this study were collected, the authors went back to the study sites to collect similar data using the methods of the previous study by Rashid et al. The purpose of the 2-phase study was 2-fold: (1) to see whether staff perception and their associations with physical and visual accessibilities observed in the racetrack ICU during the first phase would remain unchanged during the second phase of the study; and (2) to see whether staff perception and their associations with physical and visual accessibilities observed in the open-plan ICU during the first phase would change in the new ICU during the second phase of the study. The findings of the study comparing the racetrack ICU of the first and second phases show that while staff perception in this unit changed, its associations with the physical and visual accessibilities of the unit did not change during the period between the first and second phases of the study. In contrast, the findings of the study comparing the open-plan ICU of the first phase and the new ICU with 4-bed pods of the second phase show that staff perception as well as its associations with the physical and visual accessibilities of the unit changed in a positive direction from the open-plan ICU to the new ICU. It is concluded that staff perception is likely to change over time even in the absence of environmental changes, but any change in staff perception can be made more effective when it is associated with thoughtful environmental design changes.Publication The evolving metropolis after three decades: A study of community, neighbourhood and street form at the urban edge(Taylor and Francis Group, 2018-02-12) Rashid, MahbubIn a highly cited paper, Southworth and Owens (1993) studied eight suburban areas in the San Francisco Bay area at the scales of community, neighbourhood and of street and house lot, and observed their changing morphological characters over time. Using USGS and Google Earth data and census data, a more robust analysis of the same areas was performed to identify changes during the last three decades and to re-test the validity of the authors’ original findings. Findings support and amplify previously observed morphological characters. Taken together, they reveal only minor changes to the overall pre-existing morphological patterns. Community street and land use patterns show minor changes but reveal additional complexity. Community urban patterns show densification through small-scale developments. Neighbourhood street patterns reveal previously unidentified differences between and within study areas. New residential developments also reveal previously unidentified types. Despite only minor morphological changes, significant socio-economic changes are observed in the study areas showing improvements in living standards during the study period. These changes are characterized by an increase in per capita income, density and diversity. Therefore, it is concluded that positive socio-economic changes can occur in suburban areas at city edges, even when these areas resist any significant physical changes.Publication Students’ Static Activities in relation to Campus Quad Design and Layout: Exploring Gender-based Differences(City Space Architecture, 2020-01-31) Rashid, Mahbub; Bushra, ObeidatThis study explores the relationships of campus quad design and layout with students’ static activities focusing on gender differences. Students’ static activities were observed at 8914 locations during 390 rounds of observation in six campus quads of a Middle Eastern university. The design and layout data of the quads were collected in the field, and using various techniques of “space syntax”. The relationships of static activities’ with the design and layout features of the quads were investigated using descriptive and correlational statistics. The results of the study indicate that different design and layout features had different relationships with different static activities; that students’ static activities had stronger relationships with natural design features than manmade design features; and that male students’ and female students’ static activities were affected differently by different design and layout features. The significance of these findings and the future directions of research are discussed.Publication Urban morphology and Historic Urban Landscape management: The case of Kolkata, India(Taylor & Francis/Routledge, 2020-01-28) Rashid, MahbubThe purpose of this chapter is twofold: to briefly describe the concepts, methods and measures of town plan analysis and space syntax; and to apply some of these concepts, methods and measures to the historic core of Kolkata in West Bengal, India, illustrating the usefulness of these approaches for the understanding and management of Historic Urban Landscapes. Using town plan analysis, the study traces the historical development of the morphology of the city showing how the city had come into existence and changed over time, and how its various components are fitted together creating a historically significant morphology. Using space syntax, the study traces changes in the structures of street networks of the city over time, and the effects of these structural changes on the distribution of land use and landmarks in the city. The study concludes that urban morphological studies can be a useful way to explore the processes of formation and change of Historic Urban Landscapes and to formulate appropriate strategies for their management.Publication Physical Activity and Nutrition Intervention for Middle Schoolers (Move More, Get More): Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Study(Nature Research, 2022-05-04) Grimes, Amanda; Lightner, Joseph S.; Eighmy, Katlyn; Wray, Bridget D.; Valleroy, Ella; Baughn, MayaBackground: Physical activity and nutrition behaviors are important to reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity. Previous research has identified school-based interventions as effective strategies to improve physical activity and nutrition. However, the results are often mixed, and middle schoolers are an under-studied population. Objective: Our study aims to fill this gap by developing an after-school intervention to increase physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption that is influenced by national guidelines and formative research. Methods: This study was an after-school, quasi-experimental study spanning 9 months. Enrollment began in September 2021 and continued on a rolling basis through February 2022. Weekly, middle schoolers were offered 2-3 physical activity sessions and 1 produce kit. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers and questionnaires. Nutrition behaviors were assessed using questionnaires, and physical literacy was assessed using researcher observations. Follow-up data collection occurred in December 2021 and in April 2022. Difference scores will be calculated and analyzed for each outcome variable. Results: The intervention started in September 2021 and will conclude in May 2022. Published study results are expected in late 2022. Conclusions: An increase in physical literacy, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption is expected. If successful, future studies will focus on reach and sustainability. Lastly, this study may serve as a model for improving health outcomes in middle schools.Publication Classic Readings in Architecture(WCB/McGraw Hill, 1999)Classic Readings in Architecture introduces students to the important literature of the field. It consists of journal articles and book chapters by authors who are recognized as major contributors to architectural history, theory, and practice. The book can also serve as a reference document for architects, design educators, building clients, and others who seek an overview of architecture as an academic as well as a professional pursuit.Publication Impact of Inpatient Unit Design Features on Overall Patient Experience and Perceived Room-Level Call Button Response(MDPI, 2021-09-16) Cai, Hui; Fullam, Francis; MacAllister, Lorissa; Fogg, Louis F.; Canar, Jeff; Press, Irwin; Weissman, Connie; Velasquez, OliviaThis study explores the relationship between inpatient unit design and patient experience and how spatial features and visibility impact patients’ perception of staff responsiveness. The first part of this study is a retrospective pre–post and cross-sectional study evaluating the impacts of unit design on patient experience at the unit level. This study compares patient experiences based on Press Ganey and HCAHPS surveys in two orthopedic units (existing unit in Atrium building and new unit in Tower) with differing design features at Rush University Medical Center. The chi-square test results show that when moving from the old orthopedic unit to the new unit, almost all patient survey items related to patient experience showed statistically significant improvements. The second part of this study is a room level on the new unit. The ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests revealed that the visibility measure of metric step depth had significant impacts on patients’ perception of staff’s “promptness in responding to call button” and “help with toileting”. This study confirms that inpatient unit design plays a direct role in improvement for patient experience and should be considered as an important area of focus for future development.