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Publication furor illa et movit Erinys: The Presentation and Agency of Tisiphone in Statius' Thebaid(University of Kansas, 2019-08-31) Wilkins, Christopher; Scioli, Emma; Jendza, Craig; Welch, TaraThe purpose of this paper is to provide new insight into the Fury Tisiphone, who prominently appears in Statius’ Thebaid. I examine the development of the Erinys from its earliest origins in Homer to, as I argue, its literary zenith in Statius. Such an approach demonstrates how Tisiphone’s depiction by Statius was informed by his epic predecessors, yet how her role in the Thebaid was unique and more comprehensive than other characterizations of the Furies in Greek or Latin literature. My intent is for scholars to gain a new appreciation for the power of Tisiphone, a vital character of the Thebaid, her role in the poem, and how that role compares with other accounts from ancient literature.Publication Paired, clustered, and recurrent similies in Homer’s Iliad(University of Kansas, 2005-05-31) Griffin, David E.This paper explores relationships among similes in Homer's Iliad. The first five points of the paper examine some of the possible relationships and associations that occur among similes that are paired or clustered in close proximity to each other in the poem; the sixth point discusses the relationship between two almost identical similes that occur in completely different books of the Iliad. The focus of the paper is to demonstrate that the paired, clustered, and recurrent similes treated here contain not only a point of comparison to the narrative itself but also a structural connection that links the similes together.Publication 20th and 21st Century Political Interpretations of Virgil’s Aeneid, Eclogues, and Georgics(University of Kansas, 2018-05-31) Niemi, Katri; Welch, Tara; Scioli, Emma; Rabe, AnneVirgil’s works have been interpreted in striking ways during periods of political upheaval in the 20th and 21st centuries. Following the end of World War I, Benito Mussolini saw the Aeneid, Eclogues, and Georgics as good resources for re-unifying Italy due to the values and themes they promoted, especially agrarianism, empire, and war. Mussolini’s readings of these texts were entirely optimistic and programmatic. After World War II, a shift occurred in interpretations of the Aeneid towards pessimism that came to be known as “The Harvard School of Thought”. These scholars saw a darkness and negativity not understood before in the text. Finally, the Alt-Right movement of the 2010s interprets the Aeneid as pro-white and anti-immigration. Given these three unique readings, the applicability and relevance Virgil and his works have to modern politics and wars are clear, as is the malleability of their interpretations based on people’s agendas.Publication “How Strangely Chang’d”: The Re-creation of Ovid by African American Women Poets(University of Kansas, 2018-05-31) Morrison, Rachel C.; Scioli, Emma J; Gordon, Pam; Welch, TaraThis project examines the re-creation of Ovid by African American women poets. Phillis Wheatley, an enslaved Black woman writing in colonial America, engages with Ovid’s account of Niobe in her epyllion “Niobe in Distress.” Henrietta Cordelia Ray, who was active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, picks up where Wheatley left off in a sonnet called “Niobe.” Elsewhere, in “Echo’s Complaint,” Ray also imagines what Echo might say to Narcissus if she had full control over her words—an imaginative exercise that has resonances with Ovid’s Heroides. Finally, in her 1995 book Mother Love, the contemporary poet Rita Dove re-examines the tale of Demeter and Persephone from a number of different angles. In reworking the Metamorphoses, all three poets paint vivid images of vulnerable girls and bereft mothers. Moreover, Wheatley, Ray, and Dove play with Ovidian elements to explore themes of repetition, voice, motherhood, and power dynamics.Publication Boundaries and Religion in Propertius Book 4(University of Kansas, 2018-05-31) Kopchinski, Kara; Welch, Tara; Scioli, Emma; Jendza, CraigThis thesis focuses on Propertius’ use of the imagery of physical boundaries in Book Four, specifically walls, doors, and gates. Propertius’ fourth book of poetry engages closely with the culture of his time, perhaps representing the change wrought on the republic through a changed form of poetry, and in exploring the intangible shifts through the tangible city which is around them all, and which is the epicenter of a new series of problems. Through the repeated imagery of boundaries destroyed, created, and manipulated, Propertius emphasizes how the powerful are those with the ability to manipulate boundaries. Although his examples of this power remain primarily in the realm of physical boundaries, the metaphor clearly extends to societal and religious divisions as well. I argue that the continuous appearance of boundaries is more than incidental but can be read as a commentary on Rome at this time. This project thus examines how physical and religious boundaries factor into Propertius’ reflections on Roman identity, reflections which seem especially focused on the changed meaning of “Roman” from antiquity to his time.Publication Subtle Manipulation: A Rhetorical Analysis of Medea Across Time and Genre in Greek and Roman Literature(University of Kansas, 2018-05-31) Fons, Michael; Scioli, Emma; Gordon, Pamela; Scioli, Emma; Gordon, Pamela; Welch, TaraThis thesis focuses on the character of Medea, analyzing her ability to adapt her rhetoric across genre and time period. Specifically, I will look at Medea’s speech through three lenses—dialogue, epistle, and monologue—each represented by one of three authors: Euripides, Ovid, and Seneca. By exploring how the constraints of genre influence the way in which Medea speaks and the ways in which she can interact with her intended audience, and invariably how that interaction shapes our own understanding of her character, this thesis explores how Medea manipulates her story so that she appears in a more favorable light to her intended audience in spite of her bloody history.Publication Sophisticating a Cyclops: Polyphemus and Galatea in Roman Wall-Painting(University of Kansas, 2017-05-31) Nemechek, Caroline; Stinson, Philip; Younger, John; Scioli, EmmaThis thesis thoroughly examines Roman wall-paintings involving Polyphemus and Galatea. The goal of this thesis is to consider what ideas these paintings can offer concerning Roman values and aspirations. The different depictions of Polyphemus and Galatea at Pompeii are affected by Roman ideas on cultural reception, the power of education, and engagement with myth and fantasy. Their relationship takes on new forms not present in the literary tradition as a result of this Roman influence. Polyphemus becomes a vessel for interplay between literary and visual portrayals, self-representation, and fantasy. The paintings in this thesis are divided into three categories: Gaze wall-paintings, Cupid wall-paintings, and Erotic wall-paintings. Each illustrate ways the Romans interacted with the myth and created new variations, sometimes leaving the interpretation to the viewer.Publication Innovations in Latin Teaching: Implementing the “Flipped Latin Classroom” at the University of Kansas(University of Kansas, 2017-08-31) McMickle, Scott Charles; Corbeill, Anthony; Scioli, Emma; Jendza, CraigThe University of Kansas is one of many post-secondary institutions across the country that has experienced a significant decline in the number of students enrolled in Latin and Greek courses. In order to address this decline in enrollment, beginning in Spring 2016, the University of Kansas Classics Department sought to develop a course that promotes flexibility, utilizing online lectures and assignments to decrease the number of required class periods from five to three per week. This course seeks to aid students who are encountering scheduling issues at the University, conflicts with their work and school lives, and those seeking to graduate in less time by fulfilling the needs of their language requirement more easily. The University of Kansas implemented the “Flipped Latin Classroom,” a course developed by Mark Damen, a Professor of History at Utah State, to achieve these goals. This thesis explores the first full academic year of the “Flipped Latin Classroom” at Kansas, the Fall 2016 and Spring 2017 semesters, through data analysis and collection as well as a comparison with the traditional course taught during the same time period. Surveys of instructors and students, an analysis of test scores and trends, a diagnostic test, and more detailed data were assessed and examined in this thesis. The positive and successful results of the “Flipped Latin Classroom” gathered over the past year have led to the continuation and further assessment of the course into the Fall 2017 semester. The adaptation of the “Flipped Latin Classroom” course structure and its assignments at the University of Kansas shows that Latin courses at other universities could benefit from rethinking their course structures and blending online methods with those of traditional courses.Publication DECUS POSTERITAS REPENDIT: Reevaluating Cremutius Cordus in Tacitus' Annals(University of Kansas, 2017-05-31) Woo, Michael Tae; Corbeill, Anthony; Scioli, Emma; Jendza, CraigIn one of the best known passages in the Annals, Tacitus gives an account of the trial and death of Aulus Cremutius Cordus (A. 4.34-35), a Roman historian documenting the transitional period from the Roman Republic to the Empire. In this account Cordus is given a speech with which he defends a historian’s right to praise the enemies of the emperor. The majority of modern scholars have interpreted Tacitus’ account as unqualified praise for Cordus, and many have suggested that readers are to understand Cordus as a surrogate for Tacitus’ own views on the rights and duties of historians. In this project I attempt to challenge that consensus. I argue that Cordus and Tacitus disagree in their historiographical, political, and even moral principles, and that Tacitus’ account of Cordus’ trial and death contains criticism of the historian, even while acknowledging his courage. This reading complicates Tacitus’ relationship to Cordus and to several other characters in the Annals who, though they die deaths of great renown, effect little change. To argue for ideological differences between Cordus and Tacitus I take a circuitous first step by examining mentions of Cordus and his historical works in other ancient writers. Modern praise for Cordus has conditioned readers of the Annals to expect that he was universally respected by the ancient authors, but this project shows that opinions about him were divided. This division is epitomized by the differences between the accounts of Suetonius and Seneca the Younger. I argue that Tacitus is closer to Suetonius than Seneca in his feelings towards Cordus; Tacitus and Suetonius both distrust historians with strong partisan (i.e., Republican) beliefs, and Cordus, I show, is yoked by both to such historians. Seneca praises Cordus mainly for his willingness to die for his beliefs, but this very willingness—eagerness even—to die for personal vindication and glory is a quality that Tacitus believes a flaw in several characters in his histories including, I argue, Seneca himself in the account of his suicide (A. 15.62-64). Tacitus’ criticism for this quality in Seneca, which Tacitus diagnoses as the readiness to die an “ostentatious death” (ambitiosa mors, Agr. 42.4-5), informs, in my final section, my examination of Tacitus’ account of the trial and death of Cordus. Importantly, Tacitus’ depiction of Cordus follows directly after a digression in which Tacitus discusses his own historiographical and political views, and I point out that elements of this digression and of the account of Cordus can be compared to show significant differences between the two historians.Publication Optima Carme: A Reexamination of the Nurse in the Ciris(University of Kansas, 2017-05-31) Hughes, Casey; Welch, Tara; Corbeill, Anthony; Gordon, PamelaThis thesis examines the Ciris, a Pseudo-Vergilian epyllion of uncertain date, and analyzes the figure of the nurse Carme, a character who has largely been ignored in previous studies of the poem. The Ciris narrates the story of Scylla of Megara and how she betrayed her father, King Nisus, because of her love for Minos, King of Crete. While nurses are typical stock characters in Greek and Roman literature, I will show how the character of Carme becomes more than Scylla’s nurse. Although she embodies the qualities of many nurses from various genres before her, the Ciris poet also expands her role, briefly transforming an otherwise minor character into a second heroine.Publication A critical study of Horace Serm. I. 10(University of Kansas, 1931) Newkirk, Dorothey RebeccaPublication Word order in subordinate clauses in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations(University of Kansas, 1932) Wirth, Frederick EdwardPublication The effect of emphasis on the position of the attributive(University of Kansas, 1932) Wiley, Ada KatherinePublication Parmenides 1.31-32 and the Status of Opinion: A Case for the Negative Reading on Orthodox and Unorthodox Arrangements(University of Kansas, 2014-12-31) DeLong, Jeremy C.; Lombardo, Stanley; Tuozzo, Tom; Younger, JohnWhile the meaning of lines 31-32 of Fragment 1 (DK 1.31-32) in Parmenides' epic-style poem seem to have significant implications for the overall argument of the poem, attempts to understand them have resulted in generations of interpretative deadlock. After considering the problem, I argue that the best way to make sense of these lines in relation to the overall poem is to hold that Parmenides consistently holds mortal opinions in low-regard, and that the third section of the poem (Opinion) should be far more limited in scope than has been traditionally thought. Not only is this negative reading preferable on the traditional arrangement of the poem, but the case for it is significantly strengthened on certain suggested rearrangements of the poem--rearrangements which are strongly supported independently of any interpretative commitments. In what follows, readers will first find: a) an introduction to the overall poem, b) a survey and analysis of the variant Greek texts and modern translations of lines 31-32, and c) an explication of the primary interpretative dilemma modern commentators face in interpreting these lines. This provides both an in-depth summary and review of the literature on this particular topic, filling an important lacuna in the literature. With these considerations in hand, the essay will turn to its secondary aim--considering how the interpretative dilemma might best be resolved. The relevant challenges for both positive and negative readings are considered under the traditional ordering (Diels-Kranz) of the poem. Having established the negative reading of lines 1.31-32 to be preferable on the traditional arrangement, several recently proposed rearrangements are considered, in terms of what impacts the arguments for their respective changes to the poem, if acceptable, might have for our understanding of these problematic lines and the negative reading. Again, it is concluded that the particular arguments for rearrangement that are considered can only aid the negative reading.Publication The indefinite quis in Cicero's letters(University of Kansas, 1930) Jackman, Minnie LeonaPublication What constitutes the beginning of a Latin sentence(University of Kansas, 1932) Watkinson, IsabelPublication Hekate: a Symbol of the Dangers of Feminine Knowledge in Euripides(University of Kansas, 2016-08-31) Smith, Kathryn Marie; Gordon, Pamela; Jendza, Craig; Shaw, MichaelWithout looking at the Argonautica and later Roman portrayals of Hekate, such as Ovid and Seneca, I want to explore Hekate’s relationship with Greek tragedy. How does a goddess evolve so quickly from possessing a share of land, sea, and earth (Theogony) and becoming the attendant to Persephone (Homeric Hymn to Demeter) to the goddess of witchcraft (Argonautica) less than five hundred years later. I believe Medea’s reliance on Hekate for assistance navigating the liminal space between the feminine sphere of nature and the masculine sphere of culture in Euripides’ tragedy began Hekate’s transformation. After mentioning Hekate and Medea’s close relationship in Medea (431 BCE), Euripides consequent mentions of Hekate [Hippolytus (428 BCE), Troades (415 BCE), Helen (412 BCE), Phoenician Women (410 BCE)] bring certain connotations into each scene. I am exploring what those connotations might be and how Medea started it.Publication From Germanicus to Corbulo: The Evolution of Generalship under the Principate in Tacitus' Annales(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) Welch, David George; Corbeill, Anthony; Scioli, Emma; Welch, TaraTacitus’ Annales present a comprehensive account of the formative early years of the Roman principate. Though the effects of the change from republic to principate are most frequently made evident through Tacitus’ portrayal of politics in the city of Rome itself, his illustration of the change of the military’s role under the principate also demonstrates these effects. The biggest effect that this transition had on the military, as portrayed by Tacitus, is the dramatic difference in the way that generals had to conduct themselves – he exemplifies this change through his descriptions of Germanicus Caesar and Domitius Corbulo. Germanicus, serving in the early days of the principate, conducts his campaigns in a style similar to those conducted during the republic. Though he is described by the narrator as realizing that his actions needed to be changed in order to combat Tiberius’ growing jealousy toward his success, Germanicus loses his life because of Tiberius’ jealous attitude. The Roman people, realizing this, are characterized as developing a fear of the vengeful jealousy of the princeps that extends beyond Tiberius’ principate into those of his successors. The one exception to the prevailing hesitant attitude of generals that arises from this realization is Corbulo. What the narrator seems to imply about Corbulo is that he has learned that the way to succeed under the principate is to temper victories on the battlefield with successful acts of diplomacy. This discovery is described as Corbulo’s method of maintaining a successful military career under the principate.Publication The Songs of Gods and Men: Internal Songs and Singers in Archaic Greek Epic(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) Watson, Christopher; Gordon, Pamela; Jendza, Craig; Shaw, MichaelWithin Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymns, there are a number of songs performed by internal characters over the course of the narrative. Despite similarities in theme and content between these songs, when they are divided according to the (im)mortality of their performers and the subject matter of their content, significant differences arise. Human singers wish to improve their social standing within the cosmic hierarchy. Being mortal, they are subject to death, but they can nevertheless emulate a sort of literary immorality though a celebration of kleos. The gods push against this. Within their own songs, the immortals instead reiterate the physical mortality that humans are attempting to overcome, emphasizing human inferiority and simultaneously solidifying the gods’ own position of power. By highlighting these differences, we reveal the intricacies of the Greeks’ relationship with their gods, and the critical role that song played in that relationship.Publication Characters of Love: Propertius and Cynthia in 'Elegies' 1(University of Kansas, 2016-05-31) Sanders, Rachel Allison; Welch, Tara S.; Corbeill, Anthony P; Scioli, EmmaIn the Monobiblos, the characterizations of Cynthia and Propertius develop in traceable trajectories. The goal of this thesis is to provide a close analysis of specific poems in Propertius’ Elegies that contribute to and shape the development of characterization in the first book, as well as to show how Propertius’ and Cynthia’s characterizations interact with and build upon each another. In the first chapter I look at four poems that delineate the evolution of Propertius’ characterization from a victimized lover to a man who eventually accepts his situation and vows to love Cynthia for all time. In the second chapter I again examine four poems, this time with a view to Cynthia’s development. She begins as a master teacher and in the end becomes someone who has changed Propertius’ heart and tested him so that she is confident in his devotion to her.